Make Your Essay Topics About Global Warming

Make Your Essay Topics About Global WarmingGlobal warming is one of the topics that can be utilized to express your thoughts and views on the subject matter. There are a number of essays on topics that one can use in order to express their views on global warming.First, you need to know what the term global warming is all about. Global warming is the change in the climate of a particular country. As the climate of a certain country gets more similar to that of another, the number of hurricanes in that particular country also goes up, while the number of hurricanes in other countries goes down.What is the difference between global warming and climate change? Climate change is when the weather in a particular country gets less hot than the average of the weather of the same country. While global warming is when the climate of a particular country is getting hotter than that of others.What do you think are the two most important issues in the whole story? Do you think global warming is a hoax? Do you think that the world is just doing this because they want to make us pay for all the bad things that have happened to them in the past and that they want us to pay now? How do you answer these questions?What is the second topic? Explain to the reader how climate change is affecting the place where you live. How is it affecting your state or city or county?Next, what is the third topic? Explain to the reader the physical effects that are happening in your country and why. What is the impact of global warming on your state?Writing about these topics will really help you when you are writing a full-length essay. You will learn a lot about different topics that will help you understand the world around you and how to express that in your essay.If you want to make an essay as good as it can be, you should start thinking about essay topics about global warming. You will be able to fully express your thoughts and opinions on this subject matter, which means that you will be able to explain yourself with ease to your audience. Do not be afraid to ask questions or get some help from a teacher or professor who is familiar with this topic.

Essay Topics For International Trade

Essay Topics For International TradeThere are a number of interesting essay topics for international trade that you can use to share your thoughts with the class. Essay topics for international trade are especially good if you know that your student group already has a wide array of knowledge in this area. If you want to bring new topics up for discussion, all you have to do is try to be creative and original with the topics that you choose.When writing essay topics for international trade, you should first decide on a topic and then spend time planning how to go about writing the essay. Write down your ideas as you come across them and make sure you organize the information as you make it available. The information you provide for each of your essay topics for international trade should match the topic of the entire assignment. This way, the assignment will look well-organized and even if your ideas are more complex than you thought, you will not confuse your students.You can also w rite your own topic if you prefer to do so. If you do not have any prior experience in writing essays, you might find yourself a bit intimidated at first. Keep in mind that there are always specific types of essays that students prefer to read and that you will not want to overwhelm them with too much information. Start by choosing a topic that is directly related to the course of the class and you will not have any trouble getting the students to read and respond to your essay.If you do not have the time or desire to write a unique essay topic for international trade, you can consult a professional to help you out. In most cases, a person who specializes in the topic will be willing to help you organize your essays so that they are easy to read and easier to respond to. Some sample topics you can consider include:One idea that can easily be categorized into either 'business'government' is to address the following question: 'What can these three groups do for each other that will be nefit both?' With this idea, you can encourage your students to think about how these three groups can work together to gain a competitive advantage for both government and business.Some other essay topics for international trade that you can consider include: 'How does the invention of the Internet change how people live?' or 'What does political integration mean for the future of world affairs?' You can also consider topics that pertain to the current economic situation and climate of the world today such as 'What can be done to protect the environment from environmental disasters?'If you are having a hard time choosing among the topics you want to use, you can ask your advisor to recommend some topics to you. This can also help you when you are trying to plan a written essay. It can give you an idea of what your classmates will be using as their essay topics for international trade. It can also help you plan what you want to include in your topic so that you will be able to prepa re a successful essay.Remember, though, that the more research you do before you begin to write, the better your skills will be and the more likely you will get through your classes successfully. Use the resources provided by your instructors and your advisors to make sure that you are up to date on important grammar and other writing tips so that you will be able to do a great job on your essay.

How To Use Toefl Essay Samples For Russians

How To Use Toefl Essay Samples For RussiansToefl essay samples for Russians can provide the student with a place to start. These help the student use research that they may have found while researching a specific topic to write an essay on. This type of essay can be used as a part of a larger course or used as a general exam to help test the student's ability to apply the research they have read.There are various types of research they can use in these essays. Most often they will choose one particular aspect of the topic. This could be anything from the events of the recent past, to the present. Each of these will have some type of research, but they will also have a little bit of different information that can add to the learning process of their students.To help students remember this information, they will have to use the samples as a guide to doing the research themselves. This is because a lot of the material can be fairly abstract. While there is a general outline of events an d locations, the more information a student can link to the location the better.Using different aspects of the historical events can help the student learn what the events meant to the community. Most times students will focus on events like the revolution, or the collapse of the Soviet Union. Students will also look at other political situations like the communist party.The large part of these essay samples is not how the information is presented, but how the facts are presented. As much as possible the student should go over the facts with a fine tooth comb. Even if the information does not mesh well, it is still important to go over it with a fine tooth comb so that the student can understand it better.If a student wants to use this general sample as a part of a larger course, they will need to find an instructor or resource. Using them as guides can help the student focus their writing. They can also look up a few of the teachers they are working with to see what resources they may use.The students can use the resources they do have to help them in the form of research. Some of this is free, and others require a small fee. While there is usually no cost to use these resources, the students may feel that the time spent doing the research is a small price to pay.By using Toefl essay samples for Russians the student will be able to provide them with all the information they need. Using a reference work they can use to get a feel for the type of research they should be doing. By doing this they will be able to present their data better and be able to create a meaningful piece of essay.

Analysis of Edgar Allan Poe´s Literature - 888 Words

Edgar Allan Poe has a unique writing style that uses several different elements of literary structure. He uses intrigue vocabulary, repetition, and imagery to better capture the reader’s attention and place them in the story. Edgar Allan Poe’s style is dark, and his is mysterious style of writing appeals to emotion and drama. What might be Poe’s greatest fictitious stories are gothic tend to have the same recurring theme of either death, lost love, or both. His choice of word draws the reader in to engage them to understand the author’s message more clearly. Authors who have a vague short lexicon tend to not engage the reader as much. One example of his authorization is how he begins the â€Å"Fall of the House of Usher,† for example, with a†¦show more content†¦Through this visualization, readers are also able to place themselves in the story, as if they are familiar with Roderick, and almost experience its events as they unfold. Imagery in Poe’s writing is one element of literary style that is key to well written stories, and his use of repetition and complex vocabulary ensures that readers understand his themes and implications. By including repetition in his works, Poe places emphasis on certain concepts, reminding readers that they are vital to the story’s development. Complex vocabulary serves a similar purpose, highlighting certain themes and requiring that readers devote their attention to them. The inclusion of unique vocabulary also challenges readers to deliberate, instead of simply reading for pleasure. That being said, any author who requires readers to think should be regarded with seriousness. A good author will use literary devices to bring the reader into what they are reading. When an author does this, the reader begins to feel and think as the characters feel and think. This is what Poe does to a reader when he writes a story. Poe’s use of anadiplosis, bomphiologia, chronographia, enargia and other literary devices helps the reader to embrace the characters. Poe uses what authors call anadiplosis, this is when the last word or words in a sentence is used as the first word or words in the next sentence. To fully grasp this concept, it will not take long ofShow MoreRelatedInfluence Of A Life By Richard Connell And Edgar Allan Poe1600 Words   |  7 PagesThe Influence of a Life Richard Connell and Edgar Allan Poe, two of the most famous authors at the time, are recognize by the different types of literature they wrote. Several of these pieces are still popular today. In many cases the life of the author can impact the different themes, or the techniques they use in their stories. Richard Connell’s and Edgar Allan Poe’s backgrounds reflects in the writing techniques they used to captivate their audience. Biography of Richard Connell The famous writerRead MoreThe Father Of The Detective Story1593 Words   |  7 PagesFather of the Detective Story†: How Edgar Allan Poe Developed and Influenced the Detective Fiction Genre Edgar Allan Poe has become a household name in the literary world. His unique writing style has earned him much-deserved respect and recognition. Poe s poetry and short story oeuvre follows a consistent, melancholy theme of death and darkness that has captured and haunted readers for years (Baym, et al. 683). Perhaps his most legendary contribution to literature is his creation of the enticingRead MoreThe Tortured Poet : Edgar Allan Poe1312 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tortured Poet: Edgar Allan Poe â€Å"Beauty is the sole legitimate province of the poem† Poe, Edgar Allan. The Philosophy of Composition. 1846. The name Poe often brings to mind tales of horror and mystery, but this Poe was also a writer of sophisticated poems, capable of extreme poetic beauty within a dark genre of writing. Poe never lived the happiest of lives, but his writing is extraordinary, both for its execution, and for the sheer elegance of the words which he found to write upon the pageRead More A Critical Essay on Edgar Allan Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)1221 Words   |  5 Pagessettings are more important in Gothic fiction than in any other type of literature†¦all architectural elements are closely connected with Gothic protagonists and the plot.† (Zamfir. 2011: 15). This critical essay will first consider and analyse this statement and investigate the style, language and form of the American author Edgar Allan Poe’s (1809-1849) macabre and Gothic fictio nal prose The Fall of the House of Usher (1839) (Poe. 1987: 1). I shall present and argue how the artistic effects deployedRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s Writing Style1303 Words   |  6 Pagesprovince of the poem† Poe, Edgar Allan. The Philosophy of Composition. 1846. The name Poe often brings to mind tales of horror and mystery, but this Poe was also a writer of sophisticated poems, capable of extreme poetic beauty within a dark genre of writing. Poe never lived the happiest of lives, but his writing is extraordinary, both for its execution, and for the sheer elegance of the words which he found to write upon the page. Death is among one of the recurring themes which Poe explored. Dark andRead MoreThe Oval Portrait By Edgar Allan Poe1490 Words   |  6 Pages Edgar Allan Poe’s Short Stories Edgar Allan Poe is a much known author. He is known for writing dark and mysterious stories and poems. â€Å"His imaginative storytelling led to literary innovations, earning him the nickname Father of the Detective Story (Edgar Allan Poe Biography.com). When writing stories he wanted the readers to have that one emotion or feeling when reading his writing. Poe has very many stories he is known for two of those short stories being; â€Å"The Oval Portrait† and â€Å"The CaskRead MoreCommon Themes of Edgar Allan Poe3152 Words   |  13 PagesAn Analysis of the Common Themes Found in selected works of Edgar Allan Poe A Research Presented to The faculty of the English Department In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in English IV By March 2010 Acknowledgement The researcher would like to thank the following people who help and give guidance to make this project To the Project adviser and the home room adviser of the researchers, who gave his outmost patience and time to check the drafts and format of eachRead MoreCommon Themes of Edgar Allan Poe3166 Words   |  13 PagesAn Analysis of the Common Themes Found in selected works of Edgar Allan Poe A Research Presented to The faculty of the English Department In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in English IV By March 2010 Acknowledgement The researcher would like to thank the following people who help and give guidance to make this project To the Project adviser and the home room adviser of the researchers, who gave his outmost patience and time to check the drafts and format of each part of this veryRead MoreSupernatural Essay1273 Words   |  6 Pages B. Background information (titles, authors, book information, definitions, etc.) â€Å"The Black Cat† by Edgar Allan Poe: as the narrator slips into insanity, his grasp on rheality falters, and images, dreams, and unnatural emotions lead to murder and animal cruelty. â€Å"The Raven† by Edgar Allan Poe: â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow† by Washington Irving: Gothic Literature Definition- â€Å"a genre of fiction characterized by mystery and supernatural horror, often set in a dark castle or otherRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Cask Of Amontillado1232 Words   |  5 Pagespaper about the text â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe, some sources will be used to support the thesis statement, which is â€Å"The author uses irony in the text to illustrate the murder of Fortunado by Montresor, who seeks salvation through death†. Also, there is going to be an analysis on the irony found in the text in relation with the story. To support this thesis, I am going to use some examples from some sources such as â€Å"Literary analysis: Irony in The Cask of Amontillado by Amelia Tibbett

The 14th Ammendment to the US Constitution - 538 Words

First American Government Essay The 14th amendment deals with equal protection to all citizens of the United States of America. All citizens are guaranteed their civil liberties, whether its freedom of speech, religion, expression, right to bear arms, protection of the accused, etc; however, in the last couple decades, one of these rights has been a huge issue among the U.S. Government and citizens. The debate over the right to bear arms is not one-sided and has caused controversy throughout the years with many court cases, conspiracy theories and public outrage. The whole gun control debate may have began after President John F. Kennedys assassination in 1963. Until about 1968, shotguns, rifles, handguns and ammo were sold over-the-counter, but that changed and it goes back further than that. We dont see it being dealt with by the government until 1791, when an amendment is made. The right to bear arms comes from the second amendment of the constitution, which reads: A well regulate d militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. (U.S consititution). Almost two centuries later, the Gun Control Act of 1968 was set in motion. This act ...was enacted for the purpose of keeping firearms out of the hands of those not legally entitled to possess them because of age, criminal background, or incompetence. (Longley) Throughout the years, more and more public acts pertaining to guns occuredShow MoreRelatedWhat country should Samsung expand into?845 Words   |  4 Pageswant to move to America and not China or Iran because of the consideration of the citizen’s rights by the Bill of Rights and the propitious laws that provide impartiality to the people. Furthermore, the peoples’ representation by the government. As the US promise the residents with a more favourable government than the others, it is considered as a more desirable dwelling. Being a self-governed federal republic government in which power is split between the federal government which includes the executive

Aristotles Virtue Theory Essay Example For Students

Aristotles Virtue Theory Essay Aristotle’s Virtue Theory †¢ The extent of Aristotle’s role in philosophy is outlined, including his concept of teleology and causation. In particular his theory of virtue is examined with examples. The lecture concludes with an overall discussion of virtue theory. Main Points Empirical Knowledge and the Realm of the Senses †¢ †¢ Aristotle rejects Plato’s notion that the Forms exist separately from the world; he envisions Forms existing in the world of the senses. This shift enables Aristotle to think in terms of empirical research. Aristotle the Scientist †¢ The importance of logic and observation for Aristotle; his intellectual interests in ethics, metaphysics, politics, drama, rhetoric, and so forth. Aristotle and Virtue Virtue and Excellence †¢ For Aristotle â€Å"virtue† means doing something with excellence. Teleology: The Concept of Purpose †¢ Aristotle’s theory that everything has a purpose. The Human Purpose †¢ †¢ †¢ The telos for humans as a species and the telos for an individual person are both defined by that species’ or person’s potential. The human purpose is to use one’s reason well. Aristotle’s two forms of virtue: Intellectual and moral. Theoretical and practical wisdom. The Golden Mean †¢ The Golden Mean: Not too much, and not too little. TIP Many students seem to think that Aristotle by his theory of the Golden Mean is praising mediocrity or is envisioning some bland average as a moral ideal. On the contrary Aristotle praises excellence as virtuous, and that requires the best possible effort. But the â€Å"best† effort is not the same as the â€Å"most† effort: That would be in xcess. Aristotle believes it is virtuous to know when an effort is sufficient; you may want to ask your friends for examples from personal experience (such as putting the right amount of effort into studying for an exam, writing a term paper, or—on a personal level—being the right kind of friend). The best possible (virtuous) result is far from being an average result; also, the question of â €Å"what is the right amount† is something most people have to face continually: How grateful should I be? How friendly? How assertive? There is no question of seeking the average, but the best, response in each situation.. †¢ Discussion of three questions about Aristotle’s virtue theory: (1) If this is supposed to be a theory of character, why does Aristotle talk about conduct? (2) What does developing a good character have to do with rational thinking? (3) Are we supposed to do everything in the right amount, such as stealing and lying? Isn’t The Golden Mean relative to the situation. Discussion of examples of Aristotle’s virtues: Courage, temperance, pride, eventemperedness, truthfulness, wit. How does one find the virtue? By trial and error and developing good habits. †¢ †¢ †¢ Happiness †¢ Aristotle’s idea of well-being: contemplation. Some Objections to Greek Virtue Theory †¢ †¢ The advantage of ethics of conduct over virtue ethics: Recourse to a common law. Virtue ethics is based in teleology, and we can’t make assumptions about natural human purposes.

New Design Process for Noticeable, but Pleasant Sounds free essay sample

New design process for noticeable, but pleasant sounds Author 193 Track 3: what the beep? ABSTRACT The goal of this research is improving alarm sound design, focusing on the paradox of noticeable versus pleasant sounds. The characteristics of annoying sounds correspond in large extend to the characteristics of noticeable sounds. Therefore it is difficult to design an alarm sound, which is noticeable, but not annoying. A lot of studies are conducted along aspects which make sounds annoying and several guidelines are described for designing noticeable alarm sounds. However, no data is conveyed about the combination of these characteristics linked to sound design. In this study an existing design process for alarm sounds is adjusted regarding to pleasantness and noticeability of sounds. Hereby methods to analyze and test pleasantness and noticeability of sounds are added to the process. As a result this paper suggests a new design process which can be used to design an alarm sound considering these aspects. We will write a custom essay sample on New Design Process for Noticeable, but Pleasant Sounds or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Keywords product sound design; alarm sound; annoying sounds; noticeable sounds; design processes INTRODUCTION Most of the time alarm sounds are not optimal designed, because in the majority of cases the context of the user is not taken into account. Edworthy (2006) found that in consequence alarms are often too badly designed resulting in annoying, not effective sounds. Schmidt amp; Baysinger (1986) pointed out that a pleasant sound to report a complication can be more effective during an emergency. However, the alarm sound should still be clearly noticeable, so that it cannot be missed. Annoying sounds The perception of annoyance may be very personal and subjective, but research as shown that there are some characteristics of sounds that influence this perceived annoyance. (Steele amp; Chon, 2007). The research of Steele amp; Chon (2007) found that loudness is the most important determinant of annoyance in respect to sound. They also revealed that the wider the bandwidth, the more annoying the sound is perceived. Higher frequencies and modulations increase the perception of annoyance as wel l (Genuit, 2001). A modulation is a change from one tone to another. Besides the type of sound, there are a many other factors that influence the perception of annoyance. One of these factors, revealed by Maris et al. 2007), is the ability to influence the sound. Another study posited that age is also an important aspect for determining the perception of annoyance. (Botteldooren amp; Verkeyn, 2002). Noticeable sounds Obviously, the noticeability of an alarm sound is better when the volume of the sound is higher. Edworthy (2006) pointed out some other characteristics of clearly noticeable alarms sounds, like high and low frequencies, harmonics and discontinuous sounds. Hereby alarm sounds are respectively easier to localize, more resistant to masking by other sounds and less presumable to interfere with communication. Harmonics are sounds with frequencies that are a multiple of the fundamental frequency. Another component which makes a sound more clearly noticeable, is the variation in more than only pitch (Edworthy amp; Meredith, 1997). Namely, if a sound alters in more than just tone, for instance frequency, the ability to distinguish it from other sounds increases. Besides that, environmental sounds and auditory icons are easier to learn and retain (Leung, 1997; Ulfvengren, 2003). Similarities annoying and noticeable sounds There is a lot of literature written about designing noticeable alarm sounds and about annoying sounds. However, there is barely literature which compares these two characteristics of sounds. Nevertheless, a lot of characteristics of annoying sounds are identical to the characteristics of noticeable sounds, see figure 1. Figure 1. Characteristics which make sounds annoying as well as noticeable. As you can see in this figure, loudness is an important characteristic of annoyance as well as noticeability of sound. The same is true for high and low frequencies which are linked to a wide bandwidth and a high frequency. High frequency is also linked with harmonics, because a harmonic is a sound whose frequency is higher than the keynote of that sound observed by the ear. Furthermore, modulations contribute to an annoying sound, while discontinuous sounds provide a noticeable sound. This is conflicting, because if a sound has modulations it is not discontinuous as a result of the changes in tone. So most of the characteristics of annoying and noticeable sounds are similar, whereby it is hard to design an alarm sound that is noticeable, but not annoying. All the corresponding characteristics are focused on type of sound. However, there are other factors which can influence the perception of annoyance and the noticeability of sound. These factors are particularly related to the context. Research of Philip (2009) also showed the relationship between the annoyance and noticeability of sound. She showed a significant correlation between the urgency rating and the annoyance rating of alarm sounds. The urgency rating can be linked to the noticeability of the alarm sound, which in essence points towards a relationship between the annoyance and noticeability of a sound. Yet, there are no papers with guidelines or methods to deal with this problem. Purpose The overall goal of this research is improving alarm sound design, focusing on the balance between noticeable and pleasant sounds. The aim of this research is suggesting a design method/process which helps to create a balance between the noticeability and annoyance of sounds. In this paper will be focused on a wide range of alarm sounds. Every sound with a warning function is taken into account. Hereby the outcome is usable for a variety of alarm sound designs, see figure 2. The IC is a relevant example, because noticeability is very important in this place, but if an alarm is too annoying it is often turned off. Another example is an alarm clock. It is imported that the product helps you to wake up in time, but if the sound is not pleasant you may have a bad start to the day. Figure 2. Examples of products with alarm sound. For this research a literature study is done about existing methods which can be used to design alarm sounds. With these inputs and information about the annoyance and noticeability of sounds a new method is defined. EXISTING METHODS Design processes are most of the time iterative and consisting of different stages (Roozenburg amp; Eekels, 1995). Often, a design process starts with a problem definition, followed by ideas to solve this problem. Then a concept is developed to meet the determined requirements and satisfy the user. (Rouse, 1991). Design process alarm sounds Edworthy and Stanton (1995) came up with a user-centered method to design alarm sounds, see figure 3. In this method, especially the noticeability of the sound is taken into account. In the method nothing is stated about the annoyance of sounds, though. From this process some stages which are also usable to design a pleasant, noticeable alarm can be derived. Important stages regarding these aspects are establish the need for warning, appropriate ranking test, learning and confusion test, urgency mapping test, recognition and matching test and operation test. Figure 3. Edworthy and Stanton’s design process to design alarm sounds. The mentioned stages are particularly useful to design a noticeable sound. Therefore some stages that focus on the pleasantness of sound can be added. Besides that, the context of the users is not taken into account. However, this is very relevant to design an alarm sound, since most characteristics which are not conflicting are related to the context. Context Another method which can be used to design alarm sounds is etnography. Ethnography is a method to define the context by revealing the user’s environment and interactions between the product, user and their own physical environment (Leonard amp; Rayport, 1997). This is useful for alarm sound design, since it is important to take the environment of the user, including other sounds, into account. Pleasantness There are some known techniques for eliciting verbal attributes of product sounds, which can be used to identify the importance of pleasantness of a sound. One of these methods is the Repertory Grid Technique, succesfully applied by Berg amp; Rumsey (1999) for eliciting descriptions of the sound of a product. Another procedure to evoke important attributes of sounds is the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (Stone et al. , 1974), whereby a descriptive language will be developed by participants accompanied by a facilitator. While applying these techniques no real sound examples are used, but products are presented to recall the attributes of sound connected to that product. Later in the design process eliciting can be used to rank the different sound designs by annoyance. This can be done by deriving verbal attributes through a survey. Gabrielsson (1979) used this method by conducting an extensive experiment, where the participants were asked to rate the sounds according to their suitability. Another method to test the pleasantness of a sound is a model made by Aures (1985). This model calculates the pleasantness considering sharpness, roughness, tonalness and loudness, with an accuracy of more than 90%. NEW METHOD Based on the design process of Edworthy amp; Stanton (1995) a new design process can be suggested for designing pleasant, but noticeable alarm sounds, see figure 4. Establish need for warning As the process of Edworthy amp; Stanton, the new design process will start with establishing the need for warning by identifying the alert functions of the product. This will be done to clarify the importance of noticeability of the sound, which can be used to create an optimal balance between noticeability and annoyance. For instance, when noticeability is very essential, the annoyance of a sound may be less important. Identify context Then, the context will be identified by using ethnography. Hereby the physical environment of the user and the corresponding sounds are taken into account. Factors of the context can influence the annoyance and pleasantness of a sound. Therefore it is important to be aware of the context and use this during designing. Elicitation The last step of the analyis is elicitation of sounds, whereof users think they fit the product. By means of this method the importance of a pleasant sound can be revealed. There are two procedures which may be appropriate to do so. The Repertory Grid Technique can be used to elicit descriptions of the sound of a product. The more the word pleasant is called as description, the more important this characteristic will be. Besides that, the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis is useful to develop a descriptive language which describes the desired attributes of a product. The outcome of this technique can be compared with those of The Reportory Grid Technique. The difference is in the way the descriptions are elicit. The Reportory Grid Technique uses product sounds and the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis uses no real sounds, but only products. Figure 4. Suggested design process regarding pleasant, but noticeable alarm sounds Designing sounds The design of the sound can be done exactly the same as Edworthy and Stanton escribed in their process. First, existing alerting sounds and user suggestions will be considered. After that soundimagery studies can be used. Testing pleasantness/annoyance After designing different concept sounds, the sounds can be tested in terms of annoyance or pleasantness. To do so two methods are suggested. The first procedure consists of a questionairre or survey, whereby the part icipants should rank the sounds by annoyance. The other technique is a model developed by Aures (1985) which calculates the sensory euphony(pleasantness) of a sound regarding loudness, sharpness, tonalness and roughness. According to these tests the sound can be modified considering pleasantness. Testing noticeability The noticeability of sounds can be tested by procedures Edworthy amp; Stanton (1995) described in their design process. Using these techniques the sounds can be tested concerning different aspects, like learning amp; confusion, urgency and recogniton amp; matching. The learning amp; confusion test is ideally performed in the real context, so it will become clear if the sound can be confused with other sounds in the environment. The urgency mapping test shows if the mapping between the signal and situation is suitable in terms of urgency using existent guidelines. In the recognition amp; matching test participants are asked to assign the sounds to the appropriate warning function. According to these tests the sound can be improved and optimized considering noticeability. DISCUSSION The adjustments of the suggested design process are really focused on the analysis and testing of pleasantness and noticeability. Consequently, the designing itself is not taken into account, but is indeed very important. Further research for this phase of the design process can be useful to improve the suggested design process. Besides that, the design process is not tested, whereby there is not been evaluated how useful the process might be. To validate the suggested process an experiment with a couple sound designers should be done. Furthermore two procedures who explore roughly the same are recommended for the elicitation phase, but only one technique is necessary in this phase. Therefore more research about these methods in regarding to pleasantness and noticeability is preferred to choose the most appropriate technique. CONCLUSION Due to the fact that most characteristics of noticeable sounds are conflicting with the characteristics of pleasant sounds, it is difficult to design a sound which is both noticeable and pleasant. However, if the designer will focus on this during the whole design process, it should be possible to find a good balance between these two aspects. Hereby it is essential to look at the context of the user and the need for warning and a pleasant sound. Furthermore the sound should be tested on these aspects, since the characteristics are subjective and therefore defined by the user. The suggested design process can be used for a wide range of alarm sounds, which requires a noticeable as well as a pleasant sound. Some examples of such alarms are alarm clocks, microwaves and alarms in intensive care units. REFERENCES 1. Aures, W. (1985). Berechnungsverfahren fur den sensorischen Wohlklang beliebiger Schallsignale. Acustica, 59: 130-141 2. Berg J. and Rumsey, F. (1999). Spatial Attribute Identification and Scaling by Repertory Grid Technique and other Methods. Proc. AES 16th International Conference 3. Botteldooren, D. and Verkeyn, A. (2002). Fuzzy models for Accumulation of reported community noise annoyance from combined sources, Journal of Acoustic Society of America, 112(4): 1496 – 1508 4. Edworthy, J. and Stanton, N. (1995) A user-centered approach to the design and evaluation of auditory warning signals: 1, Methodology, Ergonomics, 38(11): 2262-2280. 5. Edworthy J. and Meredith C. (1997). Influence of verbal labelling and acoustic quality on the learning and retention of medical alarms. Int J Cogn Ergon; 1: 229–43 6. Edworthy, J. and Hellier, E. (2006). Alarms and human behaviour: implications for medical alarms. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 97(1): 12–17 7. Gabrielsson, A. (1979). Dimension analyses of perceived sound quality of sound-reproducing systems. Scand. J. Psychol. 20: 159-169 8. Genuit, K. (2001). The problem of predicting noise annoyance as a function of distance. Internoise, Rome, Italy. 9. Leung YK, Smith S, Parker S, Martin R. (1997). Learning and retention of auditory warnings. In: Frysinger S, Kramer G, eds. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Auditory Display (ICAD), Palo Alto, CA, USA. Available from http://www. santafe. edu/_icad__ 10. Maris E. , Pieter J. , Stallen, P. J. , Vermunt R. , Steensma H. (2007). Noise within the social context: Annoyance reduction through fair procedures, Journal of Acoustic Society of America, 121(4): 2000 – 2010 11. Philip, E. (2009). Evaluation of medical alarm sounds. Doctoral thesis, New Jersey Institute of Technology. 12. Roozenburg, N. F. M. and Eekels, J. (1995). Product Design, fundamentals and methods. (Lemma BV, Den Haag. ) 13. Rouse, W. B. (1991). 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