Chinese Politics Essay Example for Free

Chinese Politics EssaySubject Chinese media need democratizing and building up credibleness Recommendations Chinese media can be more democratic and credible by reporting clock timely, openly and accurately get officials involved into social media and setting up Journalism Award to recognize cracking give-and-take organizations and soulfulness journalists. Summary This memo introduces the autonomy of Chinese media and the increasing dissatisfaction both domestically and internationally.It also proposes ternary recommendations to help Chinese media become more democratic and credible, that are reporting timely, openly and accurately getting officials involved into social media and setting up Journalism Award to recognize outstanding word organizations and individual journalists. Background Chinese establishment fears that the free flow of information through media could threaten the party rule. Therefore, it makes a huge effort to censor the newspaper, magazines and tele vision and net income, ensuring Chinese media sends out the voice of the party and central government.The Internet is under government scrutiny through Great Firewall, which blocks many foreign sites and censor information and news deemed sensitive. Media restrictions and block not only reduce the credibility of Chinese media, unless also damage the understand of the party. Starved of uncensored information and unconstrained public opinion, Chinese people dissatisfy with governments control in media, inspire social resistance and demand for freedom of information and expression. Therefore, its time for Chinese media reform, which need democratizing and setting up credibility. AnalysisChinese media should build up credibility by reporting timely, openly and accurately on breaking news events. Media is hard to make a breakthrough, considering the wordy answerion, lack of the in-depth report, and cover-up the accident. Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008 is one of the cases. After oversea s media reporting the news for 10 minutes, CCTV was still silent. Five days later, there was saturated coverage of achievements of rescue efforts in Sichuan. The reports coverage was narrow and lack in depth, mainly about where did Chinese leaders visit and what did they invite to the victims.High-speed train accident in Wenzhou is another example. Netizens attacked the governments response of burying the wreckage, muzzling media coverage and forcing the journalists focus on rescue efforts. Media restrictions and block not only reduce the credibility of Chinese media, but also damage the image of the party. Therefore, Chinese media need improvements in providing timely, openly and accurately information, ensuring the citizens right to know. governing body should encourage officials getting involved into social media by setting up account, getting official substance across, interacting with citizens and reacting to the criticisms.Social media has been flourished in China. As the most influential social media in China, Weibo(Microblogs) serves as a set down alarm to the government. Weibo is a real-time, high-speed information channel, which is widely used by 350 million Internet users. It touches with child(p) and impactful public sphere, such as food safety, corruption, environment issue, and drives the entire national dialogue. Right now, it is good to sympathise that many government departments jump into social media, get official message across, embrace communication with their constituents, and react to criticisms. According to a recent report released by Sina.com, there are 50,947 different government entities with Weibo accounts, in which 33,132 represented government organs and 17,815 represented specific government officials. However, there is still plenty of direction for Chinas bureaucracy fully joined the social media. However, when different departments and officials join into social media, it might trigger some problems, such as fragmenta tion of institutional authority and cross-region operations. For example, Chinese media report to different government departments. At the national level, Chinese media is divided by cable, telecommunications, and press network.And media belong to different topical anesthetic government, which do not want other regions to participate into its local events. In face of the problems, central government should enhance the communication and collaboration among different media channels and local governments, and put more effort on the supervision at central level. Government should set up Journalism Award to recognize outstanding news organizations and individual journalists that have integrity, social responsibilities and outstanding contribution in their work. Censorship, persecution, arrests hinder the breakthrough of Chinese media.Most of the complaints and criticisms against government have been filtered out. Wang Qinglei, former producer of CCTV 24 Hours news program, was suspended from his job be evidence his reports questioned the cause of the train crash and question the number of victims. It reveals the weakness of Chinese media regime citizens are constrained to self-expression and Chinese media loses its function as a communication tool. Therefore, the government should give selective incentives to encourage public expressing their opinions and fashioning critical points. (word count 750) . 1 . Xiaoling Zhang, Control, Resistance and Negotiation How the Chinese media carve out greater lacuna for autonomy. 2 . There Are More Than 50,000 Government Accounts on Sina Weibo, http//www. techinasia. com/50000-government-accounts-sina-weibo/ 3 . Hu, Zhengrong, Towards the Public the Dilemma in Chinese Media Policy Change and Its influential factors, Joan Shorenstein Center Press, Dec 2005. 4 . Status of Chinese People, Chinese journalists suspended for reporting train disaster http//chinaview. wordpress. com/2011/08/04/chinese-journalists-suspended-for-rep orting-train-disaster/.

A View from the Bridge Essay Example for Free

A location from the Bridge EssayEddie Carb unity, the protagonist of the play, is in many another(prenominal) ways a tragic hero and standardized all tragic heroes has a fatal fnatural law. Eddies harmatia is his incestuous feelings for Catherine. Arthur miller has used the character of Eddie as an everyman perhaps to show that any person coffin nail make mistakes with ones feelings. Through the character of Eddie we witness the d admitfall of a decent man who loses control of his actions.In the early stages of the play, we see Eddie over protective of Catherine except possibly in a paternal way when he says I dont like the looks theyre giving youheads are turning like windmills although it is quite normal for a father to protect his daughter Eddies problem is really with how the manpower are looking at Catherine rather than her well beings. The reader is also do aware that Eddie has made a lot of sacrifices for Catherine I took out my own mouth to give it to her clearly when it comes to his family Eddie puts other good deal before himself this is also evident as he allows Marco and Rodolfo, people he has never met before, to stay illicitly at his home. Later in the play there are clues about his true feelings for example when Catherine lights Eddies cigar she does it eagerly saying here Ill light it for you the cigar is a phallic image and hints Eddies subconscious mind desire for Catherine as it gives him unusual pleasure.Eddie is unaware of his attraction to Catherine so his feelings are manifested in hatred towards Marco and Rodolfo. Eddies dislike for Rodolfo is displayed almost immediately after they arrive as he is coming more and more addressed to Marco only this suggests that Eddie has no intentions of getting to know Rodolfo as he feels threatened by him. miller builds up the aggressive nature of Eddies behaviour and also how quickly he establishes how volatile he can be. In the middle of Rodolfos song the playwright shows us how uns ettled Eddie is when the stage directions hint that Eddie rises and moves upstage.When he interrupts Rodolfo he is very sharp. At no point does he use his trope but instead calls him kid. Superficially it seems he is preventing him from singing for his own safety but already the reader is aware that there is some function more bubbling under the surface, especially when Miller tells us that Eddies face is puffed with trouble. The misfortuneing actions of Eddie when he kisses both Catherine and Rodolfo shows further evidence of their sock for one another as Catherine screams Eddie Let go, ya hear me Ill kill you Leggo of him here we can see that the love between Catherine and Rodolfo is much stronger than that of Eddie and Beatrice, and how it is taking over from Catherines affection for Eddie.At the beginning of A View from the Bridge Eddie and Beatrice are presented as having a loving and close relationship. It is when in Act 4 Eddie is wait for outside his apartment for Cathe rine and Rodolfo to arrive home that Beatrice is blunt with him and says when am I gonna be a wife again, Eddie it shows us she doesnt feel like his wife because he is distracted by Catherine, it also suggests they dont sleep unitedly as husband and wife. Beatrice is a good woman and a good wife. She tries to warn Eddie against his feelings for Catherine but it shows us that he cant do anything about them so therefore is basically doomed. At the end, there is reconciliation between Eddie and B when they come together and share their love with Eddies dying words Then wherefore Oh, B this is Eddies eventual realisation of his love for B.Eddies betrayal not only comes a shock to the audience but is incredibly ironic as in his previous dialogue Eddie retold the story of Vinny Bolzano and verbalize to Catherine you think Im blowing steam here this shows that Eddie thinks its unimaginable for someone to betray their own family. He gives his opinion and says Him? Youll never see him no more a guy do a thing like that? Hows he gonna show his face? Here Eddie is disgusted even by the amity of telling on a fellow Italian. It also shows that he feels strongly about the Italian law which makes it more surprising when he goes against it as it suggests that his incestuous feelings for Catherine turned him into a complete different person.Miller presents Eddie as a respectable image in the community, a husband and a guardian. Eddie feeling as a jealous lover leads him into conflict with his community. He placed his desires above family responsibilities. His respect and honour meant everything for him , but he was blinded by his love for Catherine, so everything else was forgotten. Eddie dies for, not that of the community values but for his own pride.

White Privilege Essay Example for Free

White exclusive right Es readHow the States came close is fascinating, and learning ab go forth immigration, rights, laws, and racism removes learning more just. It helps you to ensure why we, as a nation, atomic number 18 they way we are today, and why we will continue to be stuck in our ways. According to pile Barrett and David Roediger, The Story of Americanization is vital and compelling, but it took place in a nation also obsessed by racethe process of becoming uncontaminatingn and becoming American were connected at e actually overrule (36). One of the close to controversial topics is white privilege and discrimination.Segregation within school systems has been a overabundant problem in the past and will always continue to be. Being privileged is a something that individuals should be intended of due to their past and under cornerstone that it is a privilege to be white sort of than to be discriminated against. Becoming conscious of ones sustain white privi lege is the first step to understand the deeper meaning of racism and discrimination. My intentions of writing this paper were to describe a situation in which I was conscious of my own white privilege.White privilege was always on my side until proud school where I felt as though I was discriminated against as being a petite, white girl, from upper-class Allendale loss me to been seen as an easy tar tick. While at my locker one day during lunch, I was approached by both of the scurrilous assimilators (one male and one female) and a Latino girl, and they tried to convince me something hurtful was written abtaboo(predicate) me in the bathroom. Being that I am non the type to care, shrink involved, or respond, I false to walk away. The Latino girl proceeded to grab my hair causing me to turn and face her and she punched me square in the face.After several minutes of grit and forth wrestling and punches, the fight was broken up my teachers. It turns out that there was zippo written about me, they were just trying to get me into the bathroom to fight me, contrary to the hallway which is out in the open. All triple of the students that were there were taken to the principals big businessman immediately and suspend for two days whereas I got off free and I was allowed to go back to my day. During the duration of the day, one of the African American men go forth the principals office in rage and had a mission to destroy all my belongings in my locker.The boy pried open my locked and poured a bottle of soda all over my books, note books and belongings. After I reported this to our principal, he held the collar students involved in the fight until one soulfulness came clean about who had been at fault for downfall my locker. It turned out, that no one admitted to it, and they were all suspended even longer than originally for not fessing up. The future(a) week, none of the three students attended my elevated school anymore and I was told by my prin cipal that they left to attend some an separate(prenominal) high schools in surrounding townsfolks pluralitys. After this incident, I stick neer start into contact with any of them ever again.However, several of my male friends found out what happened that day and wanted nothing but to get revenge and retaliate against them and show them who runs the high school, being that whites are minority. I became very conscious of my white privilege growing up in a one-square mile suburban town of Allendale, New Jersey. My entire educational career through eighth grade consisted of white, middle-to-upper-class Americans. All the mountain were similar, with the like morals, values and beliefs. Everyone dressed similar and drove similar cars, partook in the same activities and hung out in special(prenominal) niches.At this point in my life, I could say I could correlate my life to Peggy McIntoshs obligate when she describes the matrix of white privilege there was one main piece of cu ltural turf it was my own turf, and I was among those who could the turf. I could measure up to the cultural standards and take advantage of the many options I axiom around me to make what the culture would call a success of my lifeI could think of myself as belong in major ways, and of making social systems work for me. I couldbe oblivious to anything orthogonal of the dominant cultural forms (295).It wasnt until high school where I thought I would potentially movement out of my small town bubble. My high school is regional students from Allendale, along with the surrounding towns of Ho-Ho-Kus, Upper load River and half of commove River attended. Being that I came from such a white school system, the thought of release onto high school and being surrounded by students of other races and socialities is something that neer crossed my mind. I was never taught about the disadvantages of being white, but rather I learned about blacks and their disadvantages of dealing with racis m.Over the years, itty-bitty was taught about racism and what it stood for, instead we were just told that this is what happened to people when they were of different races and ethnicities back in the day. The article by Peggy McIntosh describes how whites are taught to think of blacks As a white mortal, I realized I had never been taught about racism as something which put others at a disadvantage, but had been taught not to see one of its corollary aspects, white privilege , which puts me at an advantage(291). Being white was never something that I had to deal with in or outside of school, or even within my residential district.I wasnt necessarily shocked to walk into high school my first day to find only a select few of Latinos and African Americans. However, these were things that I never thought about or even had to think about. The few Latinos and African Americans came from Upper Saddle River and Saddle River. I was never stereotypical of these groups of people until I was surrounded with people from towns that had engaged with these people all the way up through high school. The Latinos in my school all stuck together, as surface as the three African Americans that attended my high school.I determine as though this especial(a) situation involved me having the white privilege advantage and it seems as though my white privilege helped to get me out of trouble. I should have gotten in trouble for self defense and throwing punches back, but I liveliness as though since I had never caused problems before, and they had been the center of most of the problems I was let go with no punishment. The students that got in trouble, were seen as troublesome students because of their past, where I had a clean record with no reason to singular I was the start of the brawl.Considering my school is mostly made up of white students and entirely white faculty, when the three students got in trouble, it was probably a stereotypical decision based on non-whites. Blac ks have always endured hurting and agony as, victims of discrimination, segregation, and violence, blacks in the North encountered a powerful cluster of negative racial images. These stereotypes contributed to the conditions of racial humiliation and poverty, which, in turn, reinforced prejudice (Takaki 107). This excerpt further explains that stereotypes stick and the negative racial images will perpetually be a part of the everyday lives of blacks.The primary reason of why the situation occurred, I desire dates back to sundown towns. Beginning in about 1890 and continuing until 1968, white Americans established thousands of towns across the linked States for whites only. A sundown town is any organized influence that, for decades, was all-white on purpose. Many towns drove out their black populations, and then posted sundown signs. former(a) towns passed ordinances barring African-Americans after dark or prohibiting them from owning or renting property.Evelyn Nakano Glenn hel ps to further explain the regulations, White controlled municipalities passed ordinances creating racial zones. When these laws were found to be unconstitutional, whites formed neighborhood associations and turned to private arrangements such as economic boycotts, violence, and restrictive covenants. These restrictions deprived blacks of a central element of all-embracing citizenship, namely property rights (37-38). This is proof that the African-American populations had no choice but to leave because they werent welcome.No one would support their businesses or wanted anything to do with them they were literally driven out of these towns and wouldnt stand a chance if they stayed. Being that the town of Allendale where I grew up was a sundown town, which is the most plain explanation as to why I grew up surrounded by all whites. contemptible onto high school, the other regional towns of Ho-Ho-Kus and Upper Saddle River were sundown towns as well. This plays a huge role in the situ ation at my high school because people of color and different races are focused on more and white students carry all the dominant privilege.If I had been a different race I think the entire situation would have never occurred because I would probably be a person that was known for affiliating with them. If I had been black, I would have probably felt like I should stick with the other three black students in the high school. The situation would have been the same if I were Latino or another race. Segregation soothe takes place in America and being one of only a few black families within your community will be a repetitive cycle for black families looking to move to our dominantly white community.According to Douglas Massey When avenues of spatial assimilation are systematically blocked my prejudice, and discrimination, however, residential segmentation increases and persists over time. New Minorities arrive in the city and settle within enclaves, but their accompanying spatial mob ility is stymied, and ethnic concentrations increasewhereupon group members are forced to adjacent areas, thus expanding the boundaries of the enclave (225). I feel as though since my region of New Jersey is predominantly white, what would things change now?Why would blacks and ethnic families feel inclined to move to a neighborhood where they stand out? Especially for African-American families, my town along with the surrounding towns do not sell African-American hair products in any of my supermarkets or pharmacies nor are there salons where African-American women can go to get their hair braided. My community has adjusted to the white population and being that my town is so small, I feel as though it would take salient lengths to change the way our community functions.Being white, I feel as though I benefited from the building block situation because I did not get in trouble for punching the girl back, and I did not get suspended. I was allowed to return to my day at school as though nothing happened while they were kept in the front office until school was let out and were suspended for the rest of the week (2 days). This discover made me think about my race in a different way because I had never encountered issues with non-white people, because I was never around them. Coming from a primarily white school, white students stand to make white privilege stick out like a sore thumb.It helped me to understand that white people dominated my school population and that this would have never been an issue if the school had always been made up of a majority of other races and ethnicities. It is as if the select few minorities felt as though they necessitate to stand up for themselves and prove that just because there are so few of them they can still run the school. The three students involved, I feel, chose to leave due to feeling like they were discriminated against and treated differently than other students.They could have felt mistreated or felt that bein g out numbered was a disadvantage for them. Moving to surrounding schools definitely made them feel like they belonged better because I know there were blend groups of people outside of our high school district. Being that ninety-nine percent of my school was white could have made the few students feel intimidated and make the white students angrier and feel the need to gang up on them after this incident, almost to prove their white privilege.This incident correlates to issues of citizenship and my ability to participate as a full and equal member of American society because I suffered no consequences from the incident except for a bloody nose. A bloody nose is a temporarily occurrence but because of what happened, it hasnt bear upon me being a full and equal member in the American society. It has however, affected the minority students at my high school, and drove them away. As described by Evelyn Glenn, At its most general level, citizenship refers to full rank in the community in which one lives.Membership in turn implies certainreciprocal duties toward the community (37). These black students are citizens but they do not live in a community with other African-Americans reside. They can be still be involved in the community but the families as a whole might not be as eager to get involved as they are outnumbered and may feel their voices may not be heard or make a difference. There are a few potential long term consequences of white privilege for myself that will be with me as long as I live.Being that Quinnipiac University is not very divers(prenominal), but more diverse than my high school, it was difficult to get used to seeing people of color and different ethnicities every day. I do not believe growing up in an all white community has been beneficial to me, and I wish I was more natural around people of different races and ethnicities. It is unrealistic to say that I will never have to deal with this, but in the real world, and when finding a job, you will be presented with a variety of people that may even become more of friends rather than co-workers.Someones accent or skin color does not determine what kind of person they are, it is their personality that makes them who they are. I also believe in regards to the incident, if I had been at fault, and was suspended for my actions of self defense, I would have not been able to attend a prestigious school such as Quinnipiac. When applying for colleges, most applications ask if you have ever been suspended, such as the Quinnipiac application which asks if you have ever been suspended or missed significant time from school.I would have then had to explain the situation and how I was suspended for self defense. If colleges see that you are a troubled student, and have a record for misbehaving, they will not accept you to their school. Community colleges of lower rankings will be more willing to accept a student with a past, rather than a private school like Quinnipiac University . Discrimination and segregation still inhabit today. The past makes up the present so learning about what people of all races and ethnicities went through in history is important as a citizen of the United States.Everyone, in some way, or somehow, has dealt with discrimination whether it is you or friends and family. While on the other hand, it is imperative to pay attention to your privileges and understand what it means to be American. deeds Cited Barrett, James E. , and David Roediger. 2005. How White People Became White. Pg. 35-40 in White Privilege Essential Reading on the Other Side of Racism, 2nd Ed. , Paula S. Rothenberg, Ed. New York Worth Publishers. Glenn, Evelyn, Nakano. Citizenship Universalism and Exclusion. Pg. 18-55 in Unequal Freedom How Race and Gender molded American Citizenship and Labor.Cambridge Harvard. Massey, Douglas S. How Space Gets Raced. Rethinking the Color Line. By Charles A. Gallagher. 3rd Ed. New York, NY McGraw-Hill, 2007. 225. McIntosh, Peggy. 1997 White Privilege and Male Privilege A Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences through Work in Womens Studies. Pg. 290-99 in small White Studies Looking Behind the Mirror. Richard Delgado Jean Stefancic, Eds. Philadephia Temple University Press. Takaki, Ronald T. A Different Mirror A write up of Multicultural America. New York, NY Back Bay, 1994. 108.

Social Work Practice: Values and Ethics

Social Work Pr strikeice set and ethicsIntroductionAt its most basic brotherly ladder is a consistent and nonionised approach to the fond problems of families and individuals. It is an approach that focuses on military benefiting community to help themselves (Moore, 2002).1Most practitioners enter social exertion because of a commitment to social arbitrator, or at the very least a desire to help others and to see improvement and positive change in battalions lives. Modern social lead, on with other public services, is being increasingly run along business lines and market principles. Todays social actor therefore is confronted with the managerial approach, performance indicators, cargon managers and c be packages. Given the current acres of things where everything is pull ind by budgets and the collect to satisfy those in charge by processing a cocktail dress as quickly as possible one wonders whether a social controler has time to be guided by general honorable p rinciples, let alone a specific code of practice. In the current climate it is easy to forget that social fly the coopers atomic number 18 committed to the view of the intrinsic mercifulkind worth of separately individual, and the concomitant view that each person deserves the best c ar and advice possible.In 1948 the worldwide Declarati2on of Human Rights came into being. The declaration encapsulates a view of the inherent worth and dignity of the human person. The declaration espouses the impulse of individual freedom on the basis that such freedom did not infringe the rights of others, these are the rights on which a good deal of social school practice is based. This paper will begin with a general exposition of value orientations. It will then look at the ethics and value which downstairspin social work practice. there will be an assessment of social work value and of their relevance to anti- jaundiced and anti-oppressive practice.EthicsEthics are general moral pri nciples that are intended to inform the governing of human behaviour. Thus, most people would quarter water to the view that some things such as cruelty and murder are al ways wrong, or unethical. honourable codes, however, may be based on moral principles, but are not as generalisable or universally applicable. This is because they refer to particular professions and the way in which professional behaviour is governed. Such ethical codes cannot be said to be neutral or value free because they are contextual. They arise within a certain context and are applied to a particular purpose as such, ethical codes are influenced by the ideologies held in that context (Butler, 2000). The context being examined here, is that of social work practice. Codes of practice and ethics are a lot idealistic, because they may be seen as providing a blueprint for how a social worker should act when it is impossible to legislate for every situation, and this may result in a false sense of warranter (Banks, 2003). Social workers therefore, need to be able to recognise when the code of practice within which they are postulate to work, does not lock up within a framework that is informed by human rights and social justice (Husband, 1995).The Clients NeedsShon (1991) has argued thatProfessionals claim to contribute to social well-being, put their clients unavoidably ahead of their own, and see to it themselves accountable to standards of competence and morality. (Schon, 199111-12). close to critics maintain that the way in which social services a lot operates is self-serving quite a than serving the needs of the clients, yet social workers do police themselves and their profession. The way in which they do this is to think critically about what they are doing, why they are doing it, and what moral implications this may have. Certainly social work ethics should not lead anyone to believe that the social work profession should serve itself, rather the needs of the client shoul d be most important. One of the ways this is achieved is by establishing clear relationship boundaries wee on. This is because involvement with a client that is too personal is contrary to what the BASW has to say about social work ethics and values.The social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the mandate and liberation of people to enhance well-being. Utilising theories of human behaviour and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments. Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work (BASW,2001). 3Social work practice, in order to be ethical practice must be centred on the needs of service users Social workers of necessity intervene in peoples lives and have an influence on situations, ethical decision making is therefore a vital component of social work practice (Osmo and Landau, 2001). The familiarity is there to give advice to social workers on what constitutes ethical decision making in different contexts. good Decision MakingDecision making has to be grounded in the values and ethics of social work. Some of the issues that social workers have to deal with and that involve them in ethical decision making centre approximately balancing the rights of one individual against others, around public welfare and issues of institutional and structural oppression. This can make life difficult because the social worker has then to identify when institutions and structures are being oppressive and how the values of social work may be used to combat this. Decision making is also debatable because social workers are committed to confidentiality with respect to the people they work with. Sometimes a social worker is faced with a situation where he or she may, for the greater good, be forced to break the ethic of confidentiality because the client may be a danger to themselves of someone else. This causes a conflict of values and the s ocial worker has, with the help of his/her supervisor, to balance the needs of the individual against the needs of the greater good.At the very least social work should begin with a clear commitment to social justice which seeks to challenge distress and discrimination in all its forms because social work has its roots in the nineteenth century moves to eradicate poverty and unemployment.Everyone has the right to be protected from abuse and to be treated with respect. This is not easy when political sympathies discourses express concern for inclusion and equality e.g. for those with mental health problems, then employ discourses which ignore factors such as race, gender and class and social circumstances, that are pertinent to any proper understanding of a persons condition. The Human Rights Act of 1998 makes it mandatory for local authorities to act in ways that are conversant with the Act. Social workers help with the problems faced by people with disabilities. Social workers h ave a duty to be conversant with the Human Rights Act and the residential area Care Act of 1990. Social workers are faced with making decisions concerning what defines a person with disabilities and also how to assess their needs. If the wrong form of distribute is prescribed, e.g. detainment under the Mental Health Act for a person who does not fulfil the specified criteria, then this could be an infringement of human rights.Social workers are duty bound to base their practice on concepts of human rights and social justice but at the same time they need to be more conscious(predicate) of how the inequalities that they see in decree might affect their practice (Cemlyn and Briskman 2003). Society does not always operate in the best interests of the individual person, furthermore, the introduction of market principles into social care can mean that the profound framework within which a social worker has to act may also (however much it is unintended) work against individual right s. Some commentators e.g. Challis (1990) maintain that prior to market principles and managerialism being introduced into social care, social workers operated with a much greater degree of freedom. It is arguably the case that the social worker is duty bound to act in accordance with a process that is informed by the valuing of the human person and the concept of human rights, and may, therefore, need to be prepared to work outside of a framework that (albeit unintended) prevents them from working according to this ethic (Cemlyn and Briskman, 2003). Wolff (2002) speaks of integrity ethics being the root of social work practice because of its concern with a just society and justice for individuals. Bearing this in mind social workers seek to engage in anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practice in all that they do.Anti-discriminatory and Anti-oppressive PracticeAn emancipatory and anti-oppressive attitude is a critical component of ethical social work, social workers should be people enablers, enabling people to stand up for their rights and giving them a voice. Horton and Pattapen (2004) argue that in coetaneous society individuals are often disempowered in numbers of ways and feel unable to cope with the rules that guide their lives. Social workers deal with the distress that results from this and in their practice should question social systems wherein an increasing number of people suffer from injustice, oppression, and exclusion from mainstream society. Anti-discriminatory practice means taking account of structural disadvantages i.e. how the structures of society often work against certain groups e.g. those with disabilities, women, and ethnic minorities. It also means that the social worker rewards care not to use discriminatory language and to do their best to promote the dignity and self-worth of service users.The ethos of the worth of individual human persons is often counteracted by current social work practice. Under the guidelines for socia l care social workers help individuals to convey what is best for them, in practice however, care managers are the people who hold the budgets and budgetary concerns can often be discriminatory disenfranchising the person that the social worker is trying to help (Postle, 2000). Social workers try to debar this happening but they work in a state institution that often inadvertently workings against the best interests of service users. This is why social workers need to be trained to view the world from the place of others so that they more easily recognise how the system oppresses (Moore, 2002)..ConclusionThe ethics and values that underpin social work practice are dedicated to social justice and recognition of the inherent worth of each and every individual. Social workers do their best to work in partnership with service users and to do this in a way that includes and empowers people. Social workers are dedicated to help people move forward and take control of their lives, the idea is to shift the power balance away from the social worker and towards the person that needs help. The structures of society are, in some ways, discriminatory and oppressive and social workers recognise that white masculine values disadvantage people and they are therefore committed to anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practice in their work.BibliographyBanks, S. 2003 From oaths to rulebooks a critical question of codes of ethics for the social professions European journal of Social Work Volume 6 No. 2 July 2003 p. 133-144British Association of Social Workers (2002) The Code of Ethics for Social Work.http//www.basw.co.uk/.Butler, I 2000. A Code of Ethics for Social Work and Social Work Research http//www.elsc.org.uk/socialcareresource/tswr/seminar6/butler.htmCremlyn, S and Briskman L. 2003 Asylum, youngsterrens Rights and Social Work Child and Family Social Work 8 (3) pp. 163-178Husband, C. (1995) The morally active practitioner and the ethics of anti-racist social work. In good Issues in Social Work (eds R. Hugman D. Smith), pp. 84103. Routledge, LondonIfe, J. (2001) Human Rights Social Work Towards Rights-Based Practice. Cambridge University Press, CambridgePostle, F. (2000) The social work side is disappearing. I guess it started with us being called care managers, Practice, 13(2), pp. 13-27.Ring, C. 2001 Quality assurance in mental-health care A case study from social work Health and Social Care in the Community 9(6) 2001 pp. 383-390Schn, D. A. (1991) The Reflective Turn Case Studies In and On Educational Practice, New York Teachers Press, Columbia UniversitySlote, Michael. From Morality to Virtue. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1992Wolff, J. 2002 Contractualism and the virtues precise Review of International Social and Political Philosophy Volume 5 No. 2 June 2002 p. 120-1321Footnotes1 See p.17923 http//www.basw.co.uk/articles.php?articleId=2page=2

Theories for Product Bundling

Theories for Product BundlingRASHIDA ABDULHAMIDWHY DO FIRM BUNDLE TWO PRODUCTS together AND HOW IS IT LIKELY FOR THEM TO MAKE PROFIT?What is production roll up?Product galvanic pile is simply means combine ii or more inviolables together and selling them as on wizard combined product. It is in the main common in market with imperfect competitive product. It is a marketing strategy that joins products or serve together in order to sell them as a unity combined unit. Bundling every last(predicate)ows customers to leveraging two or several product at the convenient purchasing power from one company. The products and function be usually related, besides they bottomland also consist of dissimilar products which appeal to one convocation of customers. It based on consumers value the mathematical conventioned package more than the individual items.Why do producer go into product pack?Producers go into product roll up because of so some reasons, bundle of two products gives the producer to offer more affordable sets for their customer with also a better kindle for them. Bundling enhances an organizations offering mix while at the same time minimizing greet of twain action and selling. This is draw inive to consumers who will benefit from a single, value-oriented purchase of complementary offerings. Bundling is attractive to producers by increase efficiencies, such reducing marketing and distri stillion cost. It quite a little also encourage customers to look to one single source to offer several solutions.Product pack may also incorporate products from multi producers. Example of this is the palo countertenor softwargon may include one of their business planning product with an accounting softwargon package, or participate in a small business tract through a major data processor manufacturer whose customers would beget the opportunity to purchase with their new PC. In these situations, sheafs may cost effectively liberal to new marke ting channels.FACTORS CONSIDER WHEN BUNDLING INCLUDEVOLUME bundling typically increases unit sales volume.MARGING bundling can reduce margins.EXPPOSURE bundling may offer new channel opportunities or motion-picture show to new potential customers.RISK if executed incorrectly, bundling may cannibalize more profitable sale, runing in lower contrisolelyion margins and potential channel conflict.This last example has three important implications.First, the market return is not necessarily efficient, in the sense that a social planner with full information and no costs of imposing a solution could do better. That should not be surprising in uninfected of the results in the product selection literature that the set of product offerings is not necessarily efficient.Second, while the mold reveals a bias toward the offering of a bundle, the bias is primarily toward mixed bundling, not toward fresh bundling or other forms of tying. Indeed, although the preceding example does not show i t, the set can be understand to suggest a bias against pure bundling. In a companion paper, we show that the conditions for pure bundling to be the only sustainable outcome atomic number 18 stronger than the conditions for pure bundling to be the efficient outcome. The theoretical account does not rule out the possibility of inefficient tying. Tying can be. the predicted outcome when parts selling is optimal, but there is no systematic reason for this to be the case. There is a tendency in the model for big groups to get the offering they want. But this effect holds equally when the biggest group wants just one subdivision as when the biggest group wants the bundle.Third, in analyzing the welfargon consequences of bundling discounts (under mixed bundling), it is important to distinguish between borderline cost savings and the effect of fixed costs. Both are potential sources of savings to the group that purchases the bundle, but only the borderline cost savings reflect welfa re gains. In this example, there is a developed bundle discount the bundle outlay of 19 is 5 less than the sum of the components footings. Under pure components selling, they would pay a total of 20, which is also more than the bundle set under mixed bundling. besides this private benefit, it is inefficient for the bundle to be offered. In contrast, if there were no fixed costs and the bundle discount reflected a fringy cost savings of 5, then mixed bundling would be efficient..Which products are offered depends on the extent to which bundling lowers marginal cost, on the fixed costs of offering from each one product, and on demand. For a product to be offered in the kind of contestable market we describe here, three conditions essential holdthese are known in the formal economics literature as sustainability conditions.First, no price can run average cost. Otherwise another firm could enter and go out the product to the same group of customers for less.Second, the price o f each product must be low copious that the seller of a insurgent existing product cannot profitably lower its price and attract the purchasers of the first.Third, prices must be low bounteous that entry with a product not offered is unprofitable.First, marginal cost savings are neither essential nor sufficient for tying to occur in competitive markets. They are not necessary because, even without marginal cost savings, firms may not separately provide a product if there is not enough demand to coer the fixed cost of offering that product this result assumes that the firm is offering a bundle that attracts at least some consumers who want that product. They are not sufficient because, even with marginal cost savings, firms may find that there are enough consumers who want the products separately and do not value the other product they will therefore oiler the bundle to attract consumers who want both and separate products to attract consumers who only want one.Second, fixed costs are a necessary but not sufficient condition for tying to occur in competitive markets. Firms eliminate a product choice that some consumers want because it enables them to avoid the fixed costs of offering it separately. Or, to put it another way, firms cannot provide some products separately because there is not enough demand to privateness the costs.Third, pure bundling can arise for two reasons which are worth distinguishing (1) moderate fixed costs when many consumers demand all components and demand is low for at least one of the individual components and (2) high fixed costs. Without fixed costs, our assumptions mostly imply mixed bundling. Under mixed bundling, the bundle is available for those who want both ripe(p)s and the separate products are available for those who want just one. With some fixed costs, however, pure bundling can result if many customers want both goods and demand for the component does not justify the fixed cost of offering them separately. sublima te bundling can also occur, however, even if no consumer wants both components. These will happen when fixed costs are very high, which in turn implies that pure bundling saves significant fixed costs over components selling.Fourth, firms may sell some but not all of the components separately from the bundle. This occurs when demand for the bundle and one of the separate components is substantial but demand for the other is not.In a separate welfare abstract we show that firms may not offer the optimal product variety (the standard result in the product variety literature) but that the tendency is to offer too oft mixed bundling alternatively than to offer too much tying. Table 3 contains our first example. The size of each group of consumers is 100. The marginal costs of both goods and 2 are 8 while the marginal cost of the bundle is 14. Since the latter(prenominal) is less than the sum of the components prices, there are marginal cost savings from bundling. Fixed costs are 60 0 It follows that the prices of the components under mixed bundling are 14 while the price of the bundle is 20. As the abutting line in the Table indicates, the price of the bundle under pure bundling is 16. It is lower than the price of the bundle under mixed bundling because more customers share the fixed cost. Under components selling, the prices of the components are 11 each. As with pure bundling, the prices are lower than under mixed bundling because the fixed costs are shared with a larger group.Before turning to why mixed bundling is sustainable, let us consider why the other product configurations are not. Under pure bundling, the price of the bundle is 16. This price is susceptible to entry by, say, a producer of good 1 at a price of 14. This component price is less than the 16 that group 1 pays for the bundle under mixed bundling, and it is sufficient to cover costs even if only group 1 buys the bundle. A pure component selling, in which the price of each of the two good s is 11, is not sustainable either. Group B pays a total of 22 for the two components, so entry with the bundle at a price of 20 attracts group B and is profitable. When the bundle and just good 1 are offered, the price of the bundle is 17. Entry by a provider of good 2 at a price of 11 is then profitable. For the same reason, it is not sustainable to offer just the bundle and good 2.Having seen how entry can prevent a set of offerings from beingness sustainable, we can now understand why mixed bundling is sustainable in this case. All accomplishable products are offered in mixed bundling, so it is not possible to enter with a new product. We do, however, penury to consider whether teddy the price of an existing product (or products) to attract an additional block of customers would be profitable. At these prices, it is not. For example, to sell the bundle at a price that is low enough to attract groups 1 and 2 one would still have to charge 16. But that would not be low enough to attract groups 1 and 2, which can purchase only the good they want under mixed bundling for 14. Similarly, cutting the price of the components to attract group B would not be profitable. If group B purchased the components, the prices would still have to be 11. Group B would then pay 22 for both goods, which is more than the 20 it pays for the bundle under mixed bundling.There are a return of factors that give rise to mixed bundling in this example. First, there are marginal cost savings from bundling. At the same time, the marginal cost of the bundle exceeds the marginal cost of just one of the components. So, putting fixed costs aside, there would be an advantage to having the separate components available to those who want just one of them. Also, the demand for each of the three possible products is substantial and, while fixed costs are present, they are not so great as to preclude offering one of the goods.The results in Table 3 depend, of course, on the assumed values for each of the seven variables in the model. Small assortments in each variable would affect prices, but mixed bundling would still be the qualitative outcome. With larger changes, however, the qualitative outcome would change as well. Since mixed bundling means that all three of the possible products are offered, any change would eliminate one or more of the products offered.For example, consider a reduction in the issue forth of people who want just good 1. The fixed cost of offering good 1 would then have to be spread over a smaller customer base so the price of good 1 would have to increase. When the number of people who want only good 1 is sufficiently small, the price of good 1 would exceed the price of the bundle. Consumers who want just good 1 would then buy the bundle (anSd discard good 2). Good 1 would disappear from the market, leaving good 2 and the bundle as the only products offered. In that case, good 2 is tied to good 1.Just as a reduction in the number of people who want good 1 causes the price of good 1 to go up, an increase in X1 causes the price to drop. With a sufficiently large increase in the demand for good 1 alone, the price can drop enough that people who want both goods find it cheaper to buy them separately. The bundle disappears from the market. The result is pure components selling, which does not entail tying.Table 4 shows the change in product offerings that could result from sufficiently large increases and decreases of each of the seven variables in the model. (As we note, in some cases, even a large change will not alter the product offerings.) The first grade of the table reports the results described above. The left fractional of that row says that with a sufficiently large decrease in X1, the set of products offered becomes the bundle and good 2 while good 1 is no longer offered. The right hand half of the first row shows that with a sufficiently large increase in the demand for good 1, the set of products offered are go ods 1 and 2 while the bundle is no longer offered.As Table 4 indicates, there are two cases in which mixed bundling are the qualitative outcome no matter how much the variable change (in the given direction). One of these is a reduction in fixed costs. That result makes self-generated sense. Fixed costs in the model can cause a potential product not to be offered. Given the other assumed values in Table 4, fixed costs of 600 are low enough that all three of the possible products can be offered profitably. A reduction in the fixed cost of a product offering would only reinforce the possibility of providing for each group the product tailored to its particular demand.

The Media And Entertainment Information Technology Essay

The Media And cheer entropy Technology EssayThe Media and Entertainment manufacture is that field of business which provides consumers the service and products which keep them updates as well as busy. This sector includes print media, television, radio, film entertainment, pictorial matter games and casinos.Today this industry can is heavily dependent on the technology. Thus, media and entertainment industry and technology ripen hand in hand. The evolution of this industry has brought into practise new business practises and technologies.Enterprise Resource intendEnterprise Resource planning is a computer based system to integrate business attention practises and latest technology. The system integrates dissimilar processes of an system and dos to achieve the goal of the organisation. Thus, ERP includes the following components stemma Management Practises, Information Technology and Business objectives.In other course, ERP is software that helps in collecting and distr ibuting scattered instruction crossways the various departments of an organisation. Thus, at the heart of ERP is centralized selective learning server to acquire information from and supply information to other servers in each department.ERP software architecture includes the various enterprise functions. It includes Human Resources, Supply fibril Management, Customer Relationship Management, Finance/Accounts and Manufacturing.Formerly, ERP were utilize in large scale industries. But today ERP is used in each(prenominal) kinds of organisation irrespective of field and scale of operation.AdvantagesIt establishes a perfect integration of in altogether the functional areas.The system streamlines various business processes and workflows.There is smooth flow of information across various departments of the organisation.There is an increase in efficiency, performance and productive levels by the use of ERP.It helps in taking decisions, indeed enhances forecasting.Improve custome r service and satisfaction.The Ideal ERP SystemAn ERP is considered to be ideal if it integrates all the below mentioned processes of the organisationManufacturing Engineering, material planning, production processes, resource planning, workflow vigilance, quality control etc.Financials Accounts, fixed assets, ledger, cash have it offment and billing.Human Resource Recruitment, training, labour rules, attendance, payroll, compensationsSupply Chain Management -Inventory management, gross sales order administration, supply fibril planning, supplier scheduling, supply transportation and distribution.Customer Relationship Management Service, commissions, sales and marketing, customer contact and sales support.Data Warehouse Information storehouse that can be entryed by organisation, suppliers, customers and employees.ERP VendorsCase Study attach to Melco Crown EntertainmentERP Software Microsoft Dynamics AX 2009 ERP SolutionCompany OverviewMelco Crown Entertainment is possess or and developer of casino resort in Macau. The caller-out got listed in NASDAQ in 2006 raising in excess of US$1.14 billion in the process. The company aims to provide the best entertainment experience in Macau. It has 40 different business entities. The company has various properties like City of Dreams, which fulfils the companys goal. The company is one of the largest employers in Macau with more than 10,000 employees.Business ChallengeThe company had no prior experience in using a ERP system for all its 40 business entities. Each department functioned on its own.As Melco got listed on NASDAQ it faced strict requirements to decent in the global market. Further, Melco had to meet the requirements of Macau gambling regulations. Thus, Melco Crown Entertainment Needed an ERP which could comply to all this rules.The companys HR and Finance faced challenges due to the heterogeneous nature of business. The cartridge clip consumed was more and increase in the make sense of employee s do it difficult and costly to support.Further, the nature of business made the company realise the need of stop data visibility and management. Thus, the company needed a centralised knowledge management and timely access to business data.Also, the company wanted to improve its productivity and security.The company had a very short time meet all these challenges and implement a ERP root due to its other on-going projects.SolutionThe company canvas and analysed three different ERP products. But it was Microsoft Dynamics AX that suited the most for Melco Crown Entertainment.In the words of Mr. Roger Seshadri, Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer, Melco Crown Entertainment, Microsoft Dynamics AX 2009 ERP Solution has all the ingredients of a world-class enterprise product. We wanted an ERP system with excellent usability and good bang for our buck. Dynamics was the put one over choice.Microsoft Dynamic AXMicrosoft Dynamic AX is the most easy to use enterprise resou rce planning solution for small and large scale organisation. It provides the user with software tools which are compatible with tools used all day like MS office. This ERP software makes people in organisation work more efficiently, manage data and gives a competitive edge in global market.For companies in the media and entertainment business, the advancement in technology and era of digital media has brought immense complexness to the industry. Organisations that continue with outdated business management solution may fail to survive in this market. Thus, Microsoft Dynamic AX is one business solution that has helped this industry in the following mannerIt manages resources more efficiently. It helps in keeping track of production crew, talent, and other unmistakable resources more efficientlyIt reduces cost of operation by reducing the manpower.Various business intelligence tools help produce project report, graphs easily.The software integrates data from all the various aspects of media industry. Thus, giving the company better data visibility and provides information when required.Media industry is constantly in touch with its customers though it products and service. Microsoft Dynamic fosters betters relationship mingled with the organisation and its customers by maintaining proper track of their order and customer satisfaction.Impact on Melco Crown EntertainmentThe implementation of Microsoft Dynamic ERP solution overcame all challenges faced by the organisation. This software was a great conquest for Melco Crown. Today, success of Melco Crown can overly be attributed to this business solution. Thus, benefits provided by the software are increment in productivity This ERP significantly increased the employee productivity at Melco Crown Entertainment. Dynamics AX unified all the application of various business entities, reducing the complexity. The conventional interface of Dynamic AX avoided the complexity of change management and training.Improvem ent in business processes and compliance It has provided business process re-engineering and standardisation across all the entities. Most of the process are automated, making less labour work. Dynamic AX has provided a robust financial system with process and system controls, security, workflows and audit trial. The payroll for 10,000 employees is executed faster. The system also manages Macau and Hong Kong labour laws and tax requirements.Centralized Information management Real time access to information has made Melco Crown Entertainment a tough competitor in the entertainment industry. With integrated and timely information availability has improved the decision making pocess, which helps in planning future goals.Lower IT costs The company has been able to fulfil the demanding and critical business requirements with less hardware. Thus, IT team can focus on more business value jobs.

Knowledge Discovered Or Invented Philosophy Essay

cognition Discovered Or Invented Philosophy EssayBen Franklin may view as observed electricity but it is the man who explicateed the meter who do the money (Earl Warren). Children in school be taught that Benjamin Franklin get worded lightning and Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. Earl Warrens inverted comma may be right, but what is meant by refered and invented? I stamp that discoveries argon things independent of humans, like gravity, Pythagoras theorem, astronomy, electro-magnetic rotations etc, and inventions are man- do, like the password, the electric motor, the internet, the airplane, and make up the work throughdless watermelon. The areas of knowledge discussed in my essay are maths and ethics. I will claim that mathematics is notice and ethics is invented, and discuss this nonwithstanding in my essay using examples of real-life situations.Mathematics deals with the logic of quantities, shapes, space, and structure. We could designate that maths is in invented and that we only discovered how to use it. The wide-eyed placements like simple addition e.g. 2+3=5 are use tour inventing solutions to more complex chores. Since mathematicians invent these solutions, they also name the power to invent multiple solutions to get to an answer. When we for instance solve a simple quadratic equation equation . We peck solve it by factorizing, which gives us (x+3)(x+2), so x=-3 and x=-2, or use the quadratic formula, , and after putting the rime into the formula (a=1, b=5, c=6), we get the answers x=-3 and x=-2, or we can even graph the function and see that it crosses the x bloc at x=-3 and x=-2. We discovered that we can molt mathematics to fit our reality but we did not discover mathematics itself. The problem arises when we come across a number like , when we define the border of a readiness we did not invent that when we know a circle with radius 1 that its circumference 3.14159265. . Relationships in math that were discovered by mathematicians would still be the mien they were even if they were not discovered. Mathematicians did not ascertain that something would be the way it is. Take for example the relationship between the deuce-ace sides of a right triangle, also kn hold as Pythagoras theorem. It does not permute, as humans did not make it, humans only recognized this pattern. Pythagoras theorem , early recognized in the year 530 BC by a Grecian man named Pythagoras, states that the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the impart of the squares of the two adjacent sides. History tells us that Pythagoras, while waiting to see Polycrates, the ruler of the city Somos, was looking at the floors square tiling. He noticed, not invented, that the area of a square straight over the diagonal is bivalent the area of the square straight on an adjacent side. This rewords to the square of the hypotenuse equalling to the magnetic core of the squares on the triangles two legs. Another simple everyday example, if I have twenty apples and I give you eight, then I am left with twelve apples. Simple subtr satisfy is also math. I do not invent that I am left with twelve apples but discover that after I give eight away I no abundanter have twenty. The words we created to express numbers which are used to express amounts, differ in almost every country. The verbal dustup in which math is expressed can be seen as invented. The creation , however, stays the same. The relationship between numbers, triangles, and apples does not change no upshot how it is expressed. In Spanish I would have veinte manzanas, and after I had condition you ocho manzanas I would still be left with doce manzanas. I can change the language but the relation between the apples will stay the same. We could argue that maths is in invented and that we only discovered how to use it. We discovered that we can molt mathematics to fit our reality but we did not discover mathematics itself.Ethics is no t definable, is not implementable, because it is not conscious it involves not only our thinking, but also our feeling (Valdemar V. Setzer). Ethics is different for everyone and is invented in each individuals brain it has no authority behind it. It is self-created and self-chosen and thereby influences the way we think, act, and perceive things. Ethics involves the discussion of the way we should have intercourse our own lives, our own personal morals. Some bulk invent their own personal sy theme of morals but others follow a system of morals that have been laid out by a system of morals that accord into a religion. As a Roman Catholic I have been brought up with standard morals of the Catholic Church, Catholic perspectives on abortion, stem cell division, contraception, crotchet etc. This system of morals, invented by one man, is called the bible. The bible is a book that helps a Christian live their life in a Christian way. The New Testament clearly condemns homosexuality as a sin, if there is a man who lies with a male as those who lie with a woman, both of them have committed a painful act they shall surely be put to death. Their bloodguiltness is upon them (Lev. 2013). The belief that homosexuality is wrong is a man-made invented belief. It is also invented that the only way to rue a sin is if one asks for for minded(p)ess and never do it once more and they will according to the bible go to heaven. This could not be discovered since it is impossible for anyone that has committed a sin and asked for forgiveness to tell people at earth whether or not they actually came to heaven. And is there a heaven? Ethics is a creation that someone invents in their mind it cannot be proven to be correct. Ethics cannot be discovered because it is a creation, which means it is new and so invented, in order for discoveries to be made they must pre-exist. Ethics deals with the beneficial and the gravid, and the right and the wrong. In our society the crowing and the wrong are rarely ached or accepted. The society I live in and the school I go to does not tolerate bad behavior and when I do show signs of bad behavior I discover that I get in trouble. Although it could be argued that reactions towards certain action may be invented there are certain actions, for instance slay, which is in general not tolerated, anywhere in the world, if the whole entire world is against the murder of an innocent person is it really an invention or a husking made that society cannot tolerate such behavior. So is it really the ethics that is invented? Or is it the society we live in that is invented and ethics are discoveries made by trial and error. With exception to some, most people would not tolerate child abuse of any form. Going back to the concepts of right and wrong, and good and bad, when we see such a thing happening we automatically prove the abuser as bad and his action as wrong. I do not think these feelings or thoughts are invented but they a re discovered as our emotions get touched.Regarding the claim that some knowledge areas are invented and others are discovered, I think there is a specific reason as to why the title essay does not state which areas of knowledge are invented and which are discovered. I believe that the essay title states it very clearly, this field of study matter is a topic of discussion. For each argument there is a valid counter argument. Some counter arguments might not be strong arguments but if for every argument another one is given many questions arise. Some claims can never be clarified and I believe that this is the case when discussing the areas of knowledge. I can argue as long as I want that maths is discovered but as my argument is not bulletproof there will always be an argument which will kill it.