Things that affect the human body and attack its defence systems

at that place ar umpteen things that affect the human physical structure and attack its demurral systems,they heap be naturally occouring in the environment or ego inflicted or performd by societys pollution of our planet. Below be whatsoever conditions, with the effects that they buzz off to the human ashes and its defence mechanisms. dipsomaniac beverage consumption is a health issue which affects the vast mass. A great many mess drink alcohol regularly. Although they may non be alcoholic in the hotshot of being addicted to alcohol, they neverthelesss expose themselves to health stakes. The alcohol in wines, beers and spirits is a depressant of the central queasy system.Small amounts gives a sense of well-being, with a realease from anxiety. However, this is accompanied by a fall-of in carrying out in any activity requiring skill. It overly gives a misleading sense of confidence. The drunken driver ordinarily thinks he or she is driving genuinely well. tear down a small amount of alcohol in the countercurrent increases our reaction time. In some pack, the reaction time is doubled however when the alcohol in the line is well to a lower place the legal cut back laid down for car drivers. This bunghole make a bouffant differenece in the time needed for a driver to apply the stop after seeing a hazard.Read this Ch. 22 Respiratory strategyalcoholic beverage ceriseuces inhibitations and it screw lead to irresponsible behaviour such as vandalism and aggression. Alcohol dresss vaso-dilation in the fur, giving sense of warmth hardly in fact leading to a greater loss of physical structure love. A c at oncentration of 500mg of alcohol in 100 cubic cm of blood proves unconsciousness. more than(prenominal) than this give kill, by stopping the action of the ventilation centre in the instinct. High doses of alcohol crapper harm virtually e actually organ in humans body. Many of these effects are bilateral with abstine nce, some new(prenominal)s are non. (2) Esophagus. Alcohol is associated with fullly half of the genus Cancers of the esophagus, mouth, and larynx.Peole who vomit too intensely after getting drunk backside cause snap in their esophagus. Brain. Alcohol depresses the central nervous system and contracts brain interweave. It destroys brain mobile phones which unlike many some other types of cells in the body, do not regenerate. fulfilln in large amounts over a wide period of time, alcohol idler cause serious problems with cognition and memory. Heart. Heavy drinking stinker cause heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure and heart failure. Even social topers who binge on special occasions mint sometimes get bouts of irregular heartbeats. Lungs.Heavy drinkers bedevil more pulmonary infections and give notice be more susceptible to pneumonia and lung collapse. As intoxicated person loses his reflexses and bedt win his publiciseway when he vomits. Stomach conten ts may get sucked into the lungs, which can lead to choking or pneumonia. Liver. Liver revile precise much begins with a fatty liver, and may progress to alcoholic hepatitis. That may be numbered by the buidup of scar tissue known as cirrhosis. Cirrhosis can mixture the structure of the liver and choke off blood lessen. This can cause varicose veins, which can rupture, triggering catastrophic bleeding. Stomach.Alcohol irritates the stomach, and can cause gastritis, ulcers and acidulated reflux. Gastritis is an inflamation of the mucous membrane that lines the stomach. Erosion in that lining can cause constant oozing of blood into the stomach or, if a vessel ruptures, major bleeding. Kidneys. Alcohol is a diuretic that increases urine output. Pro languished heavy drinking can cause kidney failure. Small intestines pancreas. Alcohol blocks the absorption and breakdown of nutrients by damaging the cells lining the stomach and intestines, and by decreasing the amount of digestiv e enzymes secreted by the pancreas.The pancreas can live inflamed and leak digestive enzymes, which thus attackthe pancreas itself. Reproductive system. In men, it impairs the production of sperm and testosterone, and can lead to interfility and impotance. In women, the effect can be bowdlerized estrogen metabolism in the liver which increases the amount of estrogen circulating the body, which can contribute to catamenial irregularities and even interfility. Blood. Prolonged alcohol abuse can cause anemias and sub usual blood clotting, which results in pass onthrift bleeding and easy bruising.It also impairs the functionof egg white blood cells, increase susceptibility to infection. Joints muscles. Alcohol dependence can cause osteoporosis arthritis, and deform the joints. It can atrphy muscles and cause acute muscle pain and weakness. Skin. Alcohol causes the small blood vessels in the grate to dilate(open), which results in a outpouring of warm blood to the sur cause. T his makes the peel off look flushed and gives the person a false feeling of being hot. (13) Heavy drinking during maternity can lead to deformed babies. Alcohol can cross the placenta and deterioration the foetus.Pregnant women who take as little as one alcoholic drink a day are at risk of having babies with glower than average birth weights. These under-weight babies are more likely to establish ill. totally levels of drinking are thought to increase the risk of miscariage. (1) The affects of alcohol sidetrack with different populate. Alcohol is a do drugs and mustiness be handled with care. learned its uses and abuses is just imporatnt as reading the instructions on a bottleful of pills. It is basic preserveive medicine to know how your body handlers alcohol, how much is expert to drink, and, concludingly, how your body gets rid of it.When hoi polloi drink small of alcohol enters at once into bloodstream done the lining of the mouth and throat. The remaining amount of alcohol is absorbed by the stomach or intestine. At this point the alcohol is then dispersed uniformly throughout the body. Its effects are quasi(prenominal) to ether or chloroform, affecting all dampen of the body controlled by the brain. The ability to make appropriate judgements and to exercise self-control is affected. Alcohol must be broken down in order to leave the system. More than 90 percent of the alcohol is oxidized in the liver and the destruction is discharged through the lungs and kidneys.It takes just as long for the experienced drinker to eliminate alcohol as it does for the inexperienced drinker. (15) Ultraviolet softly is a part of the dispirit spectrum that is invisible to the human plaza. Part of sunlight is UV light, which creates warmth, light, photosynthesis in plants, and vitamin D synthesis in the body. The sun produces about leash oddballs of UV lights UVA, UVB, UVC. The ozone story filters out UVC. UVA, however, has a long wavelenght light, so a certain amount reaches the earths surface. UVA is the predominant light to reach earth.UVA causes injury to cellular membranes and DNA, and has been implicated in ageing of the flake and the development of skin crabby person. Scientists study it is UVB lights that are the paramount cause of premature ageing of skin, sunburn, skin cancers and other skin problems, despite the fact that UVB lights constitute for only 1% of UV lights that reach our skin. (4) UV light is beneficial for people and essential in the production of vitamin D, which is absorbed into the bloodstream and nourishes and helps to maintain bone tissue. Also UV light activates the pigment melanin in the skin, and thereby creates a tan.Many people feel better when they pay a tan, as it gives a thinking(a) appearance. It is also used to treat several diseases, including rickets, psoriasis, eczema and jaundice. This takes place under checkup supervision and the benefits of treatment versus the risk of UV light exposure are matter of clinical judgement. Ultraviolet light can be bad to humans. Prolonged human exposure to UV light may result in acute and chronic health effects on the skin, eye and immune system. (3) Sunburn (erythema) is the best known acute effect of high-spirited UV light exposure.Over the longer term, UV light induces degenerative changes in the cells of the skin, fibrous tissues and blood vessels leading to premature skin ageing, photodamage and actinic keratoses. Sun-damaged skin develops a thickened epi derma. This is caused by faster cell renewal, which is part of the immediate defence mechanism of the skin. The epidermis will return to practice provided the skin is not repeatedly over- uncovered. Constant exposure to sunlight causes the melanocytes to become chronically over-active, resulting areas of excessive melanin in the skin.Eventually, areas of damaged skin made up of increased numbers of melanocytes and increased melanin synthesis develop. Up to around 8 5% of the overall appearance of ageing makes photoageing. It is a slow process and result for several decates before it becomes obvious. The degree of photoageing is determined by the skin type and by the total lifetime sun exposure. People who spend their lives nearly entirely indooors show rattling little skin damage. The degree of damage to tissues in different regions of the body is directly propotional to the amount of sunlight received.In chronically sun-damaged skin the epidermis as a whole becomes thicker, and loses some of its undulations. This is probably because marginally more daugter cells are produced by the basal layer, and produced more quickly. The effect is that the spiny layer and the dranular layer thicken up. The speed at which cells are replaced slows down, and some of the function of skin, including controlling water loss, may become less efficient. There is less liveity and increased kickshaw. Skin becomes dry, outre and less reflective of light.As pho toageing begins, the small blood capillaries in the dermis decrease in number and the remaining blood vessels become tortous and dilated. The elastic fibres degenerate, producing a thickened mass that replaces the collagen. Seriously photoaged skin is dry, deep wrinkled, yellow and rough. It may be marked with darkly pigmented or whitish spots, which individually show where levels of pigment are higher or lower than normal. With increasing sun damage small blood vessels in the dermis will become more obvious and will form the red, finely branching, spider-like tag (broken veins).These blood vessels are easily damaged, resulting in greater fragility of the skin, with the development of spots. Loss of elastic fibres around the blood vessels of the lower lips and ears areas curiously sensitive to chronic sun damage may result in dilated veins. On the other hand, in protected skin the vessels tend not to be so dilated or damaged. As its worst, skin that has been over-exposed to the sun for many years looks like old leather. Constant exposure to UV light over many years can result in wartlike spots on the skin, called actinic keratoses.The appearance of actinic keratoses means that the skin has received far too much sun and could develop a skin cancer eventually. (4) There are trey main types of cancer main(a) cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer. The skin is formed of three layers. The deepest, the subcutaneous layer, is composed of fat and connective tissue and connects the skin to the underlying muscle. Above that is the dermis, the layer that containssweat glands, oil glands, and other structures of the skin. The deuce-ace layer, on the surface is called the epidermis it is there that most skin cancers arise.Basal cell carcinomas arise in the lowest of the epidermis, the basal cell layer. This type of cancer can have many different appearances a red patch or irritated area a small, pink meat cleaver bump, a white or yellow scar-like ar ea a savorless growth with a dent in the center, or an open terrible that bleeds or oozes. Basal cell carcinomas rarely turn out throughout the body and death from them very(prenominal) rare however, because they much buy the farm on the face, their topically destructive effects can result in serious cosmetic deformity if not diagnosed and treated early.Squamous cell carcinoma arise from the upper levels of the epidermis, normally on places that have been exposed to the sun. Squamous cell carcinomas are most commonly found on the ears, the face, and the mouth. This type of skin cancer often arises from a precancerous lesion known as an actinic keratosis, a type of lesion that appears as a rough, flat pink spot. If the lesion becomes cancerous, its usually raised above the normal skin surface and is firmer to the touch. Squamous cell tumour tend to be more aggresive than basal cell tumours, and are slightly more likely to spread to other parts of the body.Melanoma, the most se rious form of cancer, is not as common as the other two major types of skin cancer (basal cell and squamous cell cardinomas). Melanoma begins in melanocytes, the cells in the epidermal layer of the skin that produce the pigment melanin. Melanin in normal melanocytes produces tan skin as a response to damage from UV light. Melanoma can arise by several routes. Sometimes it arises directly from a melanocyte. Sometimes, the melanocyte archetypical turns into a normal mole or irregular mole, and then becomes cancerous. Melanocytes can also be found in the eye and internal organs, where they also become cancerous on occasion.Melanomas are cancerous, but the large majority do not spread right forward. Many begins as a malignant melanoma in situ. During that lay out, the growth does not venture beyond the very most superficial layer of skin, the epidermis. In a second stage, melanoma can penetrate the lower layer of the skin, the dermis. If the melanoma penetrates very deeply into the d ermis, it may progress to a vertical growth phase in which it can metastasize, or spread throughout body. Melanoma more often shows up on the trunk of the body and on the arms and legs, it can develop on any part of the body including those never exposed to the sun. 14)A large proportion of skin cancers can be prevented and, if not prevented, they are curable if recognised and treated when at early stage of development. UV can also damage the surface of the eye, called the cornea, and cause cataracts, macular degeneration, scarring on the cornea and skin cancer of the eyelids and area around the eye. UVB can cause a sunburn on the cornea, the clear membrane that covers the front of your eyes. Corneal sunburn, called photokerastitis, can occur after long hours at the beach or on the ski slopes without sunglasses or goggles.It is not lasting, but it can be painful and cause temporary vision loss. Sun damage can also cause scars on the surface of the eye, called pinquecula, which ar e raised, yellowish, benings lumps that grow near the nose. These can be removed wity surgery. (8) More serious effects of UV are cataracts and macular degeneration. Cataracts the clouding of the lens of the eye, the number one cause of reversible blindness and macular degeneration are the leading causes of decreased vision among people older then 60. Cataracts can be treated with surgery.The UV damage to the eye is cumulative and much of it is preventable by wearing quality sunglasses or contact lenses to make sure they block UV light. They are a sunscreen for our eyes. (10) All people regardless of skin pigmentation, are susceptible to damage to their immune system as a result of UV light. The absorbtion of UV light leads to immunosuppresion. As UV light are absorbed by a human being, there is a decreased immune response. This reaction is favourable because there is no excessive swelling and damage to the skin as result of sun exposure.The drawback of decreased immune response i s that when infection diseases do attack the body, a momentous forceful immune reaction is needed. As a result, cancer often developes and spreads in the body because the immune systems has not the strenght to fight it due its suppresion by damage UV light. Other immune system damage is seen in the form of skin hypersensitivity and reactions to certain medications. UV light is very formidable to the human immune system and should be eliminateed to prevent cancer and other infectious, life-threatening diseases. (16)Cold injuries result from overxposure to cold air or water and occur in two major forms localised injuries (such as cryopathy) and general injuries (such as hypothermia). (4) The risk of serious cold injuries, especially hyporthermia, is increased by youth, lack of insulating body fat, wet or inadequate clothing, old age, drug abuse, cardiac disease, smoking, fatigue, hunger and depletion of caloric reserves, and excessive alcohol intake (which draws blood into capilar ies and away from body organs). (1) Frostbite is a health check condition that can happen to anyone.It is when the skin and/or tissue under the skin freezes and causes cell damage. This is caused by exposure to cold, either through the air or through a chemical exposure. When people are exposed to cold with the extremities including their feet, hands, nose, ears, and face being at the highest risk, the blood vessels constrict. This is a natural reaction to prevent body heat loss and hyporthermia. With the loss of warming blood flow the fluid within cells and tissues start to freeze forming ice crystals. These ice crystals take up more room within the cells then when in a fluid state, and cause the cells to rupture.Also, sudden warming can cause the cells rupture. chthonian extreme conditions frostbite can occur in seconds. Factors like trail chill, alcohol consumption, getting wet or being damp and how long you are exposed to the cold all impact how quickly and how blunt frostbi te can be. The elderly, young children, people with circulation disorders, and people from tropical climates have a higher risk factor of getting frostbite. People who have had previous cold injuries are also particularly at risk of getting injuries again in the same places.Frostbite comes in three levels of severity or degrees *First degree, also called frost nip. It presents itself as numbed skin that has turned white in colour. The skin may feel stung to the touch, but the tissue under is yet warm and soft. There is very little chance of blistering, infection or permanent scarring as long as it is treated justly. *Second degree, superficial frostbite. It is a serious medical exam condition that needs to be treated by a train medical professional. The skin will be white or unsanctified and will feel hard or frozen.The tissue underneath is still undamaged. Blistering is likely which is why medical treatment should be desire out. Proper treatment is critical to prevent severe or permanent injuries. *Third degree, deep frostbite. The skin is white, blotchy and/or blue. The tissue underneath is hard and cold to the touch. This is a life threatening injury. Deep frostbite needs to be treated by a deft medical professional. The tissue underneath has been damaged, in severe cases amputation may be the final resource to prevent severe infection.Blistering will happen. Proper medical treatment in a medical facility with personnel trained to deal with severe frostbite injuries is required to aid in the taproom of severe or permanent injury. (9) Prevention of frostbite is actually very simple and for the most part is based on common sense. Hypothermia is heat loss at the body core, and it results from exposure to cold with the addition of other heat loss mechanisms. A healthy persons body temperature can quaver between 36. 1 degrees and 37. 8 degrees.Hypothermia is considered to begin once the body temperature reaches 35 degrees, thought even smaller drops in temperature can have an indecent effects. Hypothermia is divided into two types primary and secondary. Primary hypothermia occurs when the bodys heat-balancing mechanisms are working properly but are subjected to extreme cold, whereas secondary hypothermia affects people whose heat-balancing mechanisms are afflicted in some way and cannot respond adequtely to moderate or maybe even mild cold. Primary hypothermia typically involves exposure to cold air or immension in cold water.The cold air variety usually takes at least several hours to develop, but immersion hyporthermia will occur within about an hour of entering the water, since water draws heat away from the body much faster than air does. In secondary hyporthermia, the bodys heat-balancing mechanisms can fail for any numbers of reasons, including strokes, diabetes, malnutrition, bacterial infection, thyroid disease, spinal electric cord injuries, and the use of medications and other substances that affect the brain or spin al cord. Alcohol is one such substance.In smaller amounts it can put people at risk by interfering with their ability to recognize and avoid cold-weather dangers. In larger amounts it shuts the bodys heat-balancing mechanisms. Secondary hypothermia is often a threat to the elderly, who may be on medications or yearning from illnesses that affect their ability to assert heat. Malnutrition and immobility can also put the elderly at risk. (12) The signs and symptomps of hypothermia follow a typical course, thought the body temperatures at which they occur diverge from person to person depending on age, health, and other factors.The impact of hypothermia on the nervous system often becomes apparent quite early. Coordination may begin to suffer as soon as body temperature reaches 35 degrees. The early signs of hypothermia also allow cold and pale skin and intensive shivering the latter(prenominal) stops between 32. 2 and 30 degrees. As body temperature continues to fall, deliverance becomes slurred, the muscles go rigid, and the victim becomes disoriented and experiences eyesight problems. Other harmful consequences include dehydration as well as liver and kidney failure.Heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure rise during the first stages of hypothermia, but fall once the 32. 2 degrees mark is passed. Below 30 degrees most victims are comatose, and below 27. 8 degrees the hearts rhythm becomes dangerously disordered. Yet even at very low body temperatures, people can survive for several hours and be succesfully revived, thought they may be appear to be dead. (12) People who spend time outdoors in cold weather can reduce heat loss by wearing their clothing loosely and in layers and by keepimg their hands, feet, and head well covered.Because water draws heat away from the body so easily, staying dry is important. Alcohol should be avoided because it promotes heat loss by expanding the blood vessels that carry body blood to the skin. Alcohol consumption, exposure to basal violet light and cold injurys have harmful effects on our body and its defence mechanisms. It affects virtually all areas of a persons life socially, psychologically, physiologically and mentally. It can be easily avoided by using just a little common sense.