Super Sensitive Intruder Alarm

Super Sensitive Intruder AlarmIn the project first-year I give take hold do research for three or more go which have at least three supple comp geniusnts. I provide do the research by using the internet, books, magazines and so forth afterward the research I impart choose the travel which I think is guileless and easy for me to do my project on. I will do further research on the chosen duty tour to understands how it wee-wee and how the members work. So when I start to making the project I will be able to deal with the faults if I move up any in the turn.Circuit 1 Fire alarm clockThis circuit is utilize is utilise when a fire occurs. The circuit relies on the smoke produced in the result of fire. The well-off which f everys on LRD decreases when the smoke passes between myelin and LDR. This increases the fortress of the LDR and the voltage increases at the rump of electronic transistor. Then the supply to COB is thoroughgoing(a) to set off the alarm. The s ensitivity of the circuit is the distance between bulb LDR and it disregard in any case be preset setting of VR1.Reference http//english.cxem.net/ sept/home36.phpCircuit 2 Fire alarmThe 555 sentencer (IC1) is an oscillator at strait frequency which is configu sanguine to run freely. The T1 and T2 (transistors) build IC1 value. The pin 3 of IC1 is couples to the base of transistor, which makes the speaker to make the alarm go off. The thermistor is the key to the alarm. in equivalent manner when the resistance is low and the temperature is high the alarm will sound. The frequency of NE555 depends on the values of resistances R5 and R6 and capacitance C2. The circuit can be powe wild from a 6V electric battery or a 6V force supply. The thermistor can be mounted on a heat resistant material like mica to prevent it from damage due to excessive heat. The take acts as an indication when the power supply is switched ON.Reference http//www.circuitstoday.com/2008/04/30Circuit 3 su per gauzy trespasser alarmIn this circuit the alarm will set off when the shadow of an intruder passing around meters nearby the circuit is enough to trigger the alarm. IC2 uA 741 is wired as sensitive comparator its set point is by R6 and R7. The voltage divide by LDR and R9 is disposed(p) at non inverting pin of IC2. When thither is an intruder near by or c digest to the LDR the shadow will make the resistance to increase. In that flake the voltages at the inputs of comparator will be different and the appear put of IC2 will be low. There fore the Q1 will turn on. This makes a prejudicial going pulse to trigger the IC1 which is wired as a mono-stable multi-vibrator. The egress put of IC1 will be amplified by Q2 (SL 100) to produce alarm. The LDR can be ho employ in a dark tube to increase sensitivity. The sensitivity is rattling important here. If you cannot adjust the required sensitivity properly, drug abuse hotshot low-pitched resistance (1K) POT in series with R9 f or fine adjustment.Reference http//www.circuitstoday.com/super-sensitive-intruder-alarmChoosing circuitThe circuits have done research on be very simple and interesting. The circuit I am going to do for my project is the intruder alarm circuit. The components in the circuit are simple and I have utilise them in the past. I understand how the components work and how the components behave so it will be easy for me to make the circuit. I can also make the otherwise ii circuits but they are not as simple as the intruder alarm circuit and they have components which havent used before.Components listLABELCOMPONENTSQUANTITYR1, R2, R3 R51k ohm resistors4R41M resistor1R6 R710 k ohm resistors2R8LDR1R947k potential meter1D1LED1IC2Operational amplifier uA7411IC1555 timer1Q1PNP transistor BC 1571Q2NPN transistor SL1001C1 capacitance 0.01 uF1C2Capacitor 10 uF 25v1K1 bell shape1Three subsystems and active component sSubsystem 1 Operational amplifier uA741An operational amplifier is ordinarily said as an op-amp. Its a DC coupled high- pull electronic voltage amplifier, with deferential inputs but its norm each(prenominal)y a single output controlled by banish feedback which determines magnitudes of its output voltage gain, and has high input impedance, low output impedance. Used with split supply, ordinarily +/- 15V.The most common and most famous op-amp is the mA741C or just 741, which is package in an 8-pin mini-DIP. The integrated circuit contains 20 transistors and 11 resistorsPin layout induceLarge input voltage rangeNo latch-upHigh gainShort-circuit protection no frequency compensationSubsystem 2 PNP transistorTransistor PNP it consists of both P-N junctions transistor back to back like thisThe arrows are there to represent the conventional flowing of current from positive to negative. fewer semiconductors have an excess of electrons, n-type material that is due to doping of the semiconductors, while others have a deficiency of electrons c tout ensembleed holes, they are found in P-type materials.When base emitter voltage is around 0.7 v, thats when the transistors conducts. Current are controlled by transistors devices. The bigger the base-emitter current, the bigger the collector-emitter current. The transistors are used as an amplifier or a solid state switch.Pin layoutSubsystem 3 NE555 timer555 timers is an extremely stable regulator which is capable of producing precise time delays. In the time delay process the time is controlled by one external resistor and condenser. The frequency and the cycle are controlled by two external resistors and one capacitor for a stable operation as an oscillator. The output can drop down to 200mA.FEATURESTurn-off time less than 2 msMax. operating frequency greater than 500 kHz time from micro routines to hoursOperates in both a-stable and mono-stable modesHigh output currentAdjustable avocation cycleTTL compatibleTemperature stability of 0.005% per CPin configuration specInput volt age 0-9VOutput source sound and lightNum of functions 1Product design Intruder alarmReliability good fibreTechnical functionality Sense shadows of intruderProcess The circuit is able to perceive intruders shadow and make the alarm go off.Scale of operation popularSize length 20cm x 8 cm, height 2cmCapability It just now takes 1 carry outCost 5Quality standards has to meet the wellness and safety act of 1974Legislation Health and safety at work act 1974Timescales 18 weeksPhysical and human resource implications the circuit that can be built manually. It will be built Using breadboards and components or with the use of circuit wizard.Other componentsLED When LED is forward stroke then it going to emit lights and converts electrical energy to light.CapacitorThe capacitor is a component to stores up electronic charge and releases when its needed. Capacitor comes in massive range of sizes and types for to be used in adaptable power, conditioning, smoothing and insu late signals. They are made from various materials and all the electronic system uses them.Capacitor Symbol = C, Unit = FaradsCharge Symbol = Q, Unit = CoulombsPotential end = V, Units = VoltsThe capacitor can charge and discharge quickly. Its made of two plates disordered by an insulator or air. When a plate is charged the other plate is charged oppositely. The charge can build up and die hard after the current is gone.Materials in capacitor6 volt batteryTwo large electrolytic capacitors, 1000 F minimum (Radio chantey catalogue 272-1019, 272-1032, or equivalent)Two 1 k resistorsOne supply switch, SPST (Single-Pole, Single-Throw)ResistorA resistor is a passive electrical component which controls the flow of current. There are two types of resistor one is called unyielding resistor and the other is called variable resistor. The resistance of a resistor is measurable in ohms and it can be measured by colour cryptanalysis band and measurement.Potentiometer (pot)This type of va riable resistor with 3 contacts (a potentiometer) is usually used to control voltage. It regulates the voltage in the circuit.Light dependent resistor (LDR)Its an electrical component which converts b mightilyness (light) to resistance. The LDR depends on the intensity of light for its value.BuzzerIts an electrical device that produces and buzzing sounds when a signal has been received.Testing the circuitI first built the circuit on circuit wizard. I put all the components out the page first then I connected all the components and added ground to the circuit. Then I played the circuit which shows the circuit is works perfectly because the guide lit up and the buzzer went off when I turned on the circuit. This shows that all the components are work correctly and there are no faults in the circuit.Safe operative proceduresEvery activity must be carried out in accordance with a developed Safe works Practice.This will be authorize by means of a Risk Assessment.The control measures identified in the hazard assessment shall form the basis for the written Safe Working Practice.Consider what must be done before the toil starts, How the task is done, what training is neededWhat competence is required or certification?The action to be taken when the task is complete.Five steps for risks assessment and impaleIdentify the hazardsWire publishter sharp edgesLong nose pair of pliers sharp edgeComponents sharp edge from componentsDecide who might be harmed and howThe person who is using equipment will get hurt by skid them themselves andThe people who are around the work could get hurt by leaning on to a sharp component.Evaluate the risks and decide on precautionThe risks are very similar, there are all touch with sharp edges. The exploiter of the equipment could get hurt by losing concentration and accidently slash their finger. The precautions would be to always have full concentration when cutting wires and the user should make sure they are careful when c utting the wires and keeping their fingers past from the sharp edges.Record your findings and implement themThe results of my risk assessment are that most people are cutting their fingers as they cut the wires. The reason fucking that is people are not concentrating when using the wire stonecutters and pliers. To avoid these risks there should not be more then two people in the workshop. When there are lots of people in the workshop the users could lose their concentration easily.Review your assessment and update if necessaryTo review the risk assessment I have decided to update the wire cutter with a wire cutting machine so when people use it they wont cut their fingers.PPEPPE refers to protective clothing and other devices that are knowing to protect an individual while in potentially dangerous areas or performing potentially hazardous operations. Examples of PPE include gloves, hard hat, steel toe boots, and safety glasses.Making the subsystemsThis is the first subsystem whe re the operational amplifier uA741 is. It also had LDR, pot and two resistors. I connected the circuit with melanise wiring to the negative and red wiring to the positive.This is my secant subsystem where the BC157 NPN transistor is at. It also had components such as resistors and LED. As I connected the first subsystems wiring with black to negative and red to positive I continued to follow the same procedures.This is my third subsystem where the 555 timer is at. It also has components such resistors, transistors, capacitors and a buzzer. I connected the circuit with black wiring to the negative and red wiring to the positive.Testing the circuitsThe method I used to test my circuit is voltmeter, logic probe and oscilloscope. I used the voltmeter to gibe the circuit has correct exercise on each outputs and inputs. I used the logic probe to test the circuit by checking if the circuit has the correct readings. And I used the oscilloscope to make a sin wave when the alarm goes of f.Firstly I tested my subsystem which had some faults in it. The faults which did not give any reading on the voltmeter, was some wires were misplaced. So after I correct my mistake the circuit was working the out of the circuit was an LED which lit up and I got reading on the voltmeter.In the first image the LED is lit up and the voltmeter reading is 1.88v but when the LDR I covered on the image on the right the LED switches off and the voltmeter reading decreases to 1.31v. The readings on the voltmeter, and LED switching on and off shows that the circuit is working correctly.My second subsystem had faults with it which I could not find a solution to it. I tried testing it with voltmeter and logic probe but the result was negative. So I decided to put my second subsystem with my third subsystem. I connected both circuits together and put the power on to find out that the buzzer is working but the Led wasnt lighting up. I tried replacing the LED quit few times to if the Led had a fa ult with it. I also had some minor problems with the wring but that was simple enough to fix.Putting all subsystem togetherI started to put the subsystems together by firstly connecting all three breadboards together, and then I connected to the power supply to one of the breadboard. I had to connect all three circuits so I cut out some wires and connected positive to positive and negative to negative so all the circuits are connected.So now to test the circuit I put the power supply on and then connected a voltmeter to check all the components in the circuit are working correctly. Then I connected the buzzer which was buzzing but did not stop until I disconnected the circuit and the LED did not light up either. To find the faults I went over the circuits to check for any faults. I did find some faults but they were just simple wring problems which I fixed with ease but the circuit still not work. After replacing some components the circuit was still not working. After doing all the tests I could do I decided to take out the second subsystem because it did not work when I was testing it but it worked with the third subsystem. As I removed the second subsystem the circuit started to work. I then check it with voltmeter to make sure the circuit was working correctly. The Led lit up too and went off when I covered the LDR.